Forgetting the organism: an analysis of the conceptions about the living and its value in current biology

Abstract

In this paper, we analyze the assumptions regarding the nature of the living -focusing on its hierarchical organization- and the value of the living in different fields of study of Biology (Molecular Biology, Genetics, Physiology, Evolutionary Biology, Embryology, Ecology and Conservation Biology). The hypothesis that guided this research is that biological sub-disciplines that focus on lower levels of organization confer a different value to the living than the areas that address higher levels of organization. We found that the productive value of organisms is widely acknowledged in all the subdisciplines (in addition to their value as tools for obtaining knowledge). In contrast, the intrinsic value of the living has only been recognized in a few fields of study. Besides, the obtained results support our hypothesis regarding a connection between the studied levels of organization and the value given to the living: the sub-disciplines that give priority to lower levels of organization do not seem to consider the intrinsic value of the living, while the areas that study higher levels of organization tend to recognize that type of value. Finally, we present some reflections about the prevalence of the productive value of the living in the bibliography and the possibility of value conflicts within biology. Questioning the values and assumptions that underlay scientific practices is crucial in the current context where life sciences participate in diverse ethical controversies.