Sexual and gender minority health in Chile: findings from the 2016–2017 Health Survey
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2022056004086Palabras clave:
Sexual and Gender Minorities, Gender and Health, Risk Factors, Health SurveysResumen
OBJECTIVE: To expose visibility of the health concerns of sexual and gender minority groups in Chile, as well as to provide a platform to advocate for policies that support the health and well-being of SGM people in the country. METHODS: The health conditions and risk factors of participants identified as sexual and gender minority were compared to those identified as cisgender heterosexual using data from the 2016-2017 National Health Survey. RESULTS: Despite reporting higher self-rated health than heterosexual men, gay men had a higher risk of lifetime diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. Compared to heterosexual women, the prevalence of depression was higher among bisexual women, who were also less likely to have been tested for HIV. Moreover, transgender participants were more likely to report depression and worse self-rated health than cisgender heterosexual participants. CONCLUSION: Small sample sizes of sexual and gender minority subgroups might have obscured some differences that would have been observable in larger samples. Despite this, we found statistically significant sexual and/or gender identity differences in several health areas, especially mental, sexual, and overall health.
Referencias
Thomas R, Pega F, Khosla R, Verster A, Hana T, Say L. Ensuring an inclusive global health agenda for transgender people. Bull World Health Organ. 2017;95(2):154-6. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.16.183913
National Institutes of Health, NIH Sexual and Gender Minority Research Coordinating Committee. NIH FY 2016–2020 strategic plan to advance research on the health and well-being of sexual and gender minorities. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; 2015. Available from: https://www.edi.nih.gov/sites/default/files/EDI_Public_files/sgm-strategic-plan.pdf
Seekaew P, Pengnonyang S, Jantarapakde J, Sungsing T, Rodbumrung P, Trachunthong D, et al. Characteristics and HIV epidemiologic profiles of men who have sex with men and transgender women in key population-led test and treat cohorts in Thailand. PLoS One. 2018;13(8):e0203294. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203294
Qureshi RI, Zha P, Kim S, Hindin P, Naqvi Z, Holly C, et al. Health care needs and care utilization among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations in New Jersey. J Homosex. 2018;65(2):167-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1311555
McCabe SE, Hughes TL, Matthews AK, Lee JGL, West BT, Boyd CJ, et al. Sexual orientation discrimination and tobacco use disparities in the United States. Nicotine Tob Res. 2019;21(4):523-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntx283
Caceres BA, Brody A, Luscombe RE, Primiano JE, Marusca P, Sitts EM, et al. A systematic review of cardiovascular disease in sexual minorities. Am J Public Health. 2017;107(4):e13-21. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303630
Caceres BA, Makarem N, Hickey KT, Hughes TL. Cardiovascular disease disparities in sexual minority adults: an examination of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2014-2016). Am J Health Promot. 2019;33(4):576-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117118810246
Veldhuis CB, Bruzzese JM, Hughes TL, George M. Asthma status and risks among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States: a scoping review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2019;122(5):535-6.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2019.01.021
Caceres BA, Brody AA, Halkitis PN, Dorsen C, Yu G, Chyun DA. Cardiovascular disease risk in sexual minority women (18-59 years old): findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001-2012). Womens Health Issues. 2018;28(4):333-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2018.03.004
Becasen JS, Denard CL, Mullins MM, Higa DH, Sipe TA. Estimating the prevalence of HIV and sexual behaviors among the US transgender population: a systematic review and meta-analysis, 2006-2017. Am J Public Health. 2019;109(1):e1-8. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304727
Jackman KB, Caceres BA, Kreuze EJ, Bockting WO. Suicidality among gender minority youth: analysis of 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data. Arch Suicide Res. 2021;25(2):208-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2019.1678539. Epub 2019.
Caceres BA, Jackman KB, Edmondson D, Bockting WO. Assessing gender identity differences in cardiovascular disease in US adults: an analysis of data from the 2014-2017 BRFSS. J Behav Med. 2020;43(2):329-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-019-00102-8
Blondeel K, Vasconcelos S, García-Moreno C, Stephenson R, Temmerman M, Toskin I. Violence motivated by perception of sexual orientation and gender identity: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ. 2018;96(1):29-41L. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.17.197251
United Nations Human Rights, Human Rights Council. Resolutions - Sexual orientation and gender identity. Geneva (CH): United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner; 2016. Available from: https://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/discrimination/pages/lgbtunresolutions.aspx
Ritterbusch AE, Correa Salazar C, Correa A. Stigma-related access barriers and violence against trans women in the Colombian healthcare system. Glob Public Health. 2018;13(12):1831-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2018.1455887
World Health Organization. Suicide 2018. Geneva (CG): WHO; 2021 [cited 2021 Jun 17]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/
Caceres BA, Jackman KB, Ferrer L, Cato KD, Hughes TL. A scoping review of sexual minority women's health in Latin America and the Caribbean. Int J Nurs Stud. 2019;94:85-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.01.016
Barrientos J, Nardi HC. Introduction: sexual minorities' discrimination in Iberian and Latin American countries. J Homosex. 2016;63(11):1443-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1222823
Galaz C, Martínez Conde CA, Morrison R. Salud y población LGBTI+ en Chile: desde la invisibilidad a un enfoque identitario. Exaequo. 2021;43:149-64. https://doi.org/10.22355/exaequo.2021.43.10
Cáceres CF, Talavera VA, Mazín Reynoso R. Diversidad sexual, salud y ciudadanía. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2013;30(4):698-704. Available from: http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1726-46342013000400026&lng=es
Estay-G F, Valenzuela-V A, Cartes-V R. Atención en salud de personas LGBT+: perspectivas desde la comunidad local penquista. Rev Chil Obstet Ginecol. 2020;85(4):351-7. https://doi.org/10.4067 / S0717-75262020000400351
Gstalter M. Brazil’s new president removes LGBT concerns from human rights ministry. The Hill. 2019 Feb 1. Available from: https://thehill.com/policy/international/human-rights/423594-brazils-new-president-removes-lgbt-concerns-from-human
Movimiento de Liberación Homosexual. Presentación. Santiago (CL): Movilh; 2020. Available from: https://www.movilh.cl/quienes-somos/presentacion/
Tat SA, Marrazzo JM, Graham SM. Women who have sex with women living in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of sexual health and risk behaviors. LGBT Health. 2015;2(2):91-104. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2014.0124
Tomicic A, Gálvez C, Quiroz C, Martínez C, Fontbona J, Rodríguez J, et al. [Suicide in lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans populations: systematic review of a decade of research (2004-2014)]. Rev Med Chile. 2016;144(6):723-33. Spanish. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872016000600006
Serra MAAO, Milhomem AB, Oliveira SB, Santos FAAS, Silva RA, Costa ACPJ, et al. Sociodemographic and behavioral factors associated with HIV vulnerability according to sexual orientation. AIDS Res Treat. 2020: 5619315. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5619315
Albuquerque GA, Garcia CL, Quirino GS, Alves MJH, Belém JM, Figueiredo FWS, et al. Access to health services by lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons: systematic literature review. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2016;16:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-015-0072-9
Guzmán-González M, Barrientos J, Saiz JL, Gómez F, Cárdenas M, Espinoza-Tapia R, et al. [Mental health in a sample of transgender people]. Rev Med Chile. 2020;148(8):1113-20. Spanish. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872020000801113
Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Por la salud de las personas trans: elementos para el desarrollo de la atención integral de personas trans y sus comunidades en Latinoamerica y el Caribe. Washington, DC: OPS; USAID; 2013. Available from: https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JQ81.pdf
Ministerio de Salud (CL), Departamento de Epidemiología. Encuesta Nacional de Salud -ENS: contenido informativo descargable. Santiago, CL; 2016-2017 [2022 Jan 21]. Available from: http://epi.minsal.cl/encuesta-ens-descargable/
Markkula N, Zitko P, Peña S, Margozzini P, Retamal-C P. Prevalence, trends, correlates and treatment of depression in Chile in 2003 to 2010. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2017;52(4):399-409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1346-4
The World Bank Group. Population, total - Chile. Washington, DC; 2019. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=CL
Ministerio de Desarrollo Social (CL). 8. Encuesta Nacional de Juventud 2015. Santiago (CL): Instituto Nacional de la Juventud; 2017. Available from: https://www.injuv.gob.cl/sites/default/files/8va_enj_2015.pdf
UCLA School of Law Williams Institute. LGBT demographic data interactive. Los Angeles, CA: The Williams Institute; 2019. Available from: https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/visualization/lgbt-stats/?topic=LGBT&area=9#density
Russell ST, Fish JN. Mental health in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2016;12:465-87. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093153
Descargas
Publicado
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2022 Lilian Ferrer Lagunas, Billy Caceres, Margarita Bernales Silva, Alvaro Passi-Solar, Jaime Barrientos Delgado, Francisca López-Salvo, Ruby Shah, Tonda L. Hughes
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
