The practice of skull's individualization and decapitation in Lagoa Santa region during early Holocene (east-central Brazil).
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2448-1750.revmae.2017.121839Keywords:
Archaeology, Anthropology, History, Lapa do Santo, Ritual.Abstract
Few Amerindian habits impressed the European colonizers more than the taking and displaying of human body parts, especially when decapitation was involved. In South America, the oldest decapitation is reported in the Andean region and dates to ca. 3000 BP at the site Asia 1, Peru. Since all other South American archaeological cases occur in the Andes (e.g., Nazca, Moche, Wari, Tiwanaku) it was assumed that decapitation was an Andean phenomenon, in both its origins and in its most unambiguous expression. In the present contribution we provide a literature review of the available evidence on the pre-historic practice of decapitation and skull individualization in South America. Here we report cases of individualized skulls found in Lapa do Santo and dated to 9000-9500 cal BP (95.4% interval). These cases, including the oldest case of decapitation in the New World, result in a re-evaluation of previous interpretations of these practices in South America on what concerns its origins and geographical distribution in the continent.
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References
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CONLEE, C.A., M.R. BUZON, A.N. GUTIERREZ, A. SIMONETTI & R. a. CREASER. 2009. Identifying foreigners versus locals in a burial population from Nasca, Peru: an investigation using strontium isotope analysis Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 2755–64.
CORDY-COLLINS, A. 1992. Archaism or tradition? The decapitation theme in Cupisnique and Moche iconography Latin American Antiquity 3: 206–20.
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CORREAL, G. 1990. Aguazuque evidencias de cazadores, recolectores y plantadores em la altiplanice de la cordillera oriental. Bogotá: Fundación de Investigaciones Arqueológicas Nacionales.
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DELEONARDIS, L. 2012. The body context: Interpreting early Nasca decapitated Burials Latin American Antiquity 11: 363–86.
DENIRO, M.J. & S. EPSTEIN. 1978. Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 42: 495–506.
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DONNAN, C. 2001. Moche Burials Uncovered National Geographic 199: 58–73.
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DONNAN, C. & D. MCCLELLAND. 1979. The burial theme in Moche iconography Studies in pre-Columbian art and archaeology: 5–46.
DRUSINI, A. & J. BARAYBAR. 1991. Anthropological study of Nasca trophy heads Homo 41: 251–65.
ENGEL, F. 1963. A preceramic settlement on the central coast of Peru: Asia, Unit I. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 53: 1–139.
FAUSTO, C. & D. RODGERS. 1999. Of enemies and pets: warfare and shamanism in Amazonia American Ethnologist 26: 933–56.
FERGUSON, R.B. 1990. Blood of the Leviathan : western contact and warfare in Amazonia American Ethnologist 17: 237–57.
GABARAIN, M.T. 1962. Los Mundurucu Revista de Indias 89: 321–40.
GIESELA, H. & W. HECKER. 1992. Huesos humanos como ofrendas mortuaorias y uso repetido de vasijas. Baessler-Archiv Neue Folge 40: 171–95.
HARNER, M.J. 1962. Jívaro Sould American Anthropologist 64: 258–72.
HARTT, C.F. 1881. Contribuições para a etnologia do Vale do Amazonas Arquivos do Museu Nacional 6: 1–174.
HÉRETIER, F. 1982. The symbolics of incest and its prohibition, in M. Izard & P. Smith (ed.) Between belief and transgression: structuralist essays in religion, history and myth. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
KAUFFMAN, D., M. SALAZAR, D. MORALES, I. MACKAY & O. SACAY. 1989. Andes amazónicos: sitios intervenidos por la Expedición Antisuyo/86 Arqueológicas 20.
KNUDSON, K.J., S.R. WILLIAMS, R. OSBORN, K. FORGEY & P.R. WILLIAMS. 2009. The geographic origins of Nasca trophy heads using strontium, oxygen, and carbon isotope data Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28. Elsevier Inc.: 244–57.
KRUSE, A. 1934. Mundurucu moieties Primitive Man 7: 51–57.
LEOPOLDI, J.S. 2007. A Guerra implacável dos Munduruku: elementos culturais e genéticos na caça aos inimigos Avá 11: 169–89.
LESSA, A. 2007. Rituais de sacrifício: a sobrevivência de uma antiga dimensão do corpo humano História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 14: 907–19.
LEVI-STRAUSS, C. 1966. The Savage Mind. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
— 1969. The raw and the cooked: introduction to the science of mythology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
LLAGOSTERA, A. 2003. Patrones de momificación Chinchorro en las colecciones Uhle y Nielsen Chungara 35: 5–22.
LUMBRERAS, L. 1981. The stratigraphy of the open sites, in R. MacNeish (ed.) Prehistory of Ayacucho Basin, Peru, Volume II: Excavations and chronology: 167–98. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
MANZANILLA, L. & E. WOODARD. 1990. Restos humanos asociados a la Pirámide Akapana (Tiwanaku, Bolivia) Latin American Antiquity 1: 133–49.
MASCHNER, H.D.G. & K.L. REEDY-MASCHNER. 2007. Heads, women, and the baubles of prestige - Trophies of war in the artic and subartic, in R. Chacon & D. Dye (ed.) The Taking and Displaying of Human Body Parts as Trophies by Amerindians. New York: Spinger Press.
MAYBURY-LEWIS, D. 1979. Dialectical societies: the Gê and Bororo of central Brazil. Harvard: Harvard University Press.
MENGET, P. 1993. Notas sobre as cabeças Munduruku, in E. Viveiro de Castro & M.C. Cunha (ed.) Amazônia - Etnologia e Historia Indígena: 311–21.
MILLAIRE, J.-F. 2004. The manipulation of human remains in Moche society: delayed burials, grave reopening, and secondary offerings of human bones on the Peruvian North coast Latin American Antiquity 15: 371–88.
MURPHY, R.F. 1957. Intergroup hostility and social cohesion American Anthropologist 59: 1018–35.
NELSON, A.J. 1998. Wandering Bones: Archaeology, Forensic Science and Moche Burial Practices International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 212: 192–212.
NEVES, W.A., M. HUBBE & G. CORREAL. 2007. Human Skeletal Remains From Sabana de Bogota Colombia : A Case of Paleoamerican Morphology Late Survival in South America ? American Journal of Physical Anthropology 133: 1080–98.
NYSTROM, K.C., J.E. BUIKSTRA & K. MUSCUTT. 2010. Chachapoya Mortuary Behavior: a Consideraron of Method and Meaning Chungará (Arica) 42: 477–95.
OGBURN, D. 2007. Human trophies in the late pre-Hispanic Andes - Striving for status and maitaining power among the Incas and other societies, in R. Chacon & D. Dye (ed.) The Taking and Displaying of Human Body Parts as Trophies by Amerindians: 505–22. Washignton DC: Dumbarton Oaks.
PETERSEN, J.B. & J.G. CROCK. 2007. ‘Handsome death’: the taking, veneration and consumption of human remains in the insular Caribbean and greater Amazonia., in R. Chacon & D. Dye (ed.) The Taking and Displaying of Human Body Parts as Trophies by Amerindians: 547–74. New York: Springer.
PROULX, D. 1971. Headhunting in ancient Peru Archaeology 24: 16–21.
PROULX, D. a. 1999. Nasca headhunting and the ritual Uus of trophy heads, in J. Rickenbach (ed.) Nasca: Geheimnisvolle Zeichen im Alten Peru: 79–87. Zurich: Museum Rietberg Zürich.
PROULX, D.A. 1989. Nasca trophy heads: victims of warfare or ritual sacrifice. Current archaeological perspective, 73–85.
— 2001. Ritual uses of trophy heads in ancient Nasca society, in E. Benson & A. Cook (ed.) Ritual sacrifice in ancient Peru. Austin: Univeristy of Texas Press.
REICHLEN, B. 1973. Un craneo de Chavin de Huántar, Peru Revista del Museo Nacional 39: 143–51.
ROSALDO, M.Z. 1983. The shame the of headhunters and the autonomy of self Ethos 11: 135–51.
RUBENSTEIN, S.L.E.E. 2007. Circulation, accumulation and the power of the Shuar shrunken heads Cultural Anthropology 22: 357–99.
SANTORO, C.M., V.G. STANDEN, B.T. ARRIAZA & T.D. DILLEHAY. 2005. Archaic Funerary Pattern or Postdepositional Alteration ? The Patapatane Burial in the Highlands of South Central Andes Latin American Antiquity 16: 329–46.
SANTOS, S.F., a D. SALLES, S.M.F. MENDONÇA DE SOUZA & F.R. NASCIMENTO. 2007. Os Munduruku e as cabeças-troféu Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia 17: 365–80.
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STRAUSS, Andre; OLIVEIRA, Rodrigo Elias. The practice of skull’s individualization and decapitation in Lagoa Santa region during early Holocene (east-central Brazil). Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, São Paulo, Brasil, n. 28, 2017. DOI: 10.11606/issn.2448-1750.revmae.2017.121839. Disponível em: https://journals.usp.br/revmae/article/view/121839.. Acesso em: 2 jun. 2024.
