Impacts of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf on the Northern Indian Ocean in Numerical Simulations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/Keywords:
Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Bay of BengalAbstract
Warm saline water masses emanating from the Persian Gulf (PG) and the Red Sea (RS) spread across a large area of the northern Indian Ocean upper layers, affecting the thermocline stratification, the circulation, and the air-sea exchanges over the Arabian Sea (AS) and Bay of Bengal (BoB). To explore the significance of these waters, we use numerical simulations to investigate the impact of isolating (closing) the RS and PG. The results show that the differences between the model runs, with and without the RS and PG, have marked effects on the AS and BoB seasonal variability. As expected, the major differences are concentrated in the surface mixed layer and thermocline of the AS. However, differences are also found further east in the BoB, mainly during the boreal summer. Significant differences are present in the air-sea freshwater and heat fluxes calculated by the model. In addition to the seasonality, there are significant interannual variability, with possible correlation with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. Results of the experiments suggest that the upwelling in the Sri Lanka Dome, in the southwestern Bay of Bengal, would have responded differently to the 2009-2010 El Niño-La Niña in the absence of PG and RS input.
References
BEAL, L. M., FFIELD, A. & GORDON, A. L. 2000. Spreading of Red Sea overflow waters in the Indian Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 105(C4), 8549-8564, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jc900306
» https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jc900306
BLECK, R. 2002. An oceanic general circulation model framed in hybrid isopycnic-Cartesian coordinates. Ocean Modellling, 4(1), 55-88, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1463-5003(01)00012-9
» https://doi.org/10.1016/S1463-5003(01)00012-9
BOWER, A. S., HUNT, H. D. & PRICE, J. F. 2000. Character and dynamics of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf outflows. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 105(C3), 6387-6414, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900297
» https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JC900297
BOWER, A. S., JOHNS, W. E., FRATANTONI, D. M. & PETERS, H. 2005. Equilibration and Circulation of Red Sea Outflow Water in the Western Gulf of Aden. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 35(11), 1963-1985, DOI: https://doi.Org/10.1175/JPO2787.1
» https://doi.Org/10.1175/JPO2787.1
BURNS, J. M., SUBRAHMANYAM, B. & MURTY, V. S. N. 2017. On the dynamics of the Sri Lanka Dome in the Bay of Bengal. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122, 7737-7750, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012986
» https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012986
CAMPOS, E. 2020. Numerical experiment on the impact of the Persian Gulf and Red Sea on the Northern Indian Ocean. Seanoe, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17882/74139
» https://doi.org/10.17882/74139
CAMPOS, E. J. D., GORDON, A. L, KJERFVE, B., VIEIRA, F & CAVALCANTE, G. 2020a. Freshwater budget in the Persian (Arabian) Gulf and exchanges at the Strait of Hormuz. PLoS One, 15(5), e0233090, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233090
» https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233090
CAMPOS, E. J. D., VIEIRA, F, CAVALCANTE, G., KJERFVE, B., ABOULEISH, M., SHAHRIAR, S., MOHAMED, R. & GORDON, A. L. 2020b. Impacts of brine disposal from water desalination plants on the physical environment in the Persian/Arabian Gulf. Environmental Research Communications, 2(12), 125003, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/abdOed
» https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/abdOed
CULLEN, K. E. & SHROYER, E. L. 2019. Seasonality and interannual variability of the Sri Lanka dome. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 168, 104642, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j-dsr2.2019.104642
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j-dsr2.2019.104642
DURGADOO, J. V., RÜHS, S., BIASTOCH, A. & BONING, C. W. B. 2017. Indian Ocean sources of Agulhas leakage. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122(4), 3481 -3499, DOI: https://doi.Org/10.1002/2016JC012676
» https://doi.Org/10.1002/2016JC012676
EZAM, M., GHAZI, E., BIDOKHTI, A. A., AZAD, M. T. & HASSANZADEH, S. 2017. Physical properties of Persian Gulf outflow thermohaline intrusion in the Oman Sea. Open Journal of Marine Science, 7, 169, 190, DOI: https://doi.Org/10.4236/ojms.2017.71013
» https://doi.Org/10.4236/ojms.2017.71013
GORDON, A., SHROYER, E., MAHADEVAN, A., SENGUPTA, D. & FREILICH, M. 2016. Bay of Bengal: 2013 Northeast Monsoon Upper-Ocean Circulation. Oceanography, 29(2), 82-91, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2016.41
» https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2016.41
HALLIWELL, G. R. 2004. Evaluation of vertical coordinate and vertical mixing algorithms in the HYbrid-Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). Ocean Modelling, 7(3-4), 285-322, DOI: https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2003.10.002
» https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2003.10.002
HAN, W. & MCCREARY JUNIOR, J. P. 2001. Modeling salinity distributions in the Indian Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 106(C1), 859-877, DOI: https://doi.Org/10.1029/2000JC000316
» https://doi.Org/10.1029/2000JC000316
HORMANN, V., CENTURIONI, L. R. & GORDON, A. L. 2019. Freshwater export pathways from the Bay of Bengal. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 168, 104645, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.104645
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.104645
JOHNS, W. E., YAO, F., OLSON, D. B., JOSEY, S. A., GRIST, J. P. & SMEED, D. A. 2003. Observations of seasonal exchange through the Straits of Hormuz and the inferred heat and freshwater budgets of the Persian Gulf. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 108(C12), 3391, DOI: https://doi.Org/10.1029/2003JC001881
» https://doi.Org/10.1029/2003JC001881
KALNAY, E., KANAMITSU, M., KISTLER, R., COLLINS, W., DEAVEN, D., GANDIN, L, IREDELL, M., SAHA, S., WHITE, G., WOOLLEN, J., ZHU, Y, CHELLIAH, M., EBISUZAKI, W., HIGGINS, W., JANOWIAK, J., MO, K. C, ROPELEWSKI, C, WANG, J., LEETMAA, A., REYNOLDS, R., JENNE, R. & JOSEPH, D. 1996. The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3), 437-472, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/15200477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2
» https://doi.org/10.1175/15200477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2
MURTY, V. S. N., SARMA, Y V. B., RAO, D. P. & MURTY, C. S. 1992. Water characteristics, mixing and circulation in the Bay of Bengal during southwest monsoon. Journal of Marine Research, 50, 207-228.
ROCHFORD, D. J. 1964. Salinity maxima in the upper 1000 metres of the North Indian Ocean. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 15(1), 1-24, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/mf9640001
» https://doi.org/10.1071/mf9640001
SCHOTT, F. A., XIE, S. P. & MCCREARY JUNIOR, J. P. 2009. Indian Ocean circulation and climate variability. Reviews of Geophysics, 47(1), RG1002, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2007RG000245
» https://doi.org/10.1029/2007RG000245
SMITH, W. H. F. & SANDWELL, D. T. 1997. Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings. Science, 277(5334), 1956-1962, DOI: https://doi.Org/10.1126/science.277.5334.1956
» https://doi.Org/10.1126/science.277.5334.1956
VINAYACHANDRAN, P. N., CHAUHAN, P., MOHAN, M. & NAYAK, S. 2004. Biological response of the sea around Sri Lanka to summer monsoon. Geophysical Research Letters, 31(1), L01302, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018533
» https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018533
VINAYACHANDRAN, P. N., SHANKAR, D., VERNEKAR, S., SANDEEP, K. K., AMOL, P., NEEMA, C. P. & CHATTERJEE, A. 2013. A summer monsoon pump to keep the Bay of Bengal salty. Geophysical Research Letters, 40(9), 1777-1782, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50274
» https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50274
VINAYACHANDRAN, P., SHARIF, J. & NANJUNDIAH, R. 2015. Impact of river runoff into the ocean on Indian summer monsoon. Environmental Research Letters, 10, 054008, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/17489326/10/5/054008
» https://doi.org/10.1088/17489326/10/5/054008
VOS, A., PATTIARATCHI, C. B. & WIJERATNE, E. M. S. 2014. Surface circulation and upwelling patterns around Sri Lanka. Biogeosciences, 11(20), 5909-5930, DOI: https://doi.Org/10.5194/bg-11-5909-2014
» https://doi.Org/10.5194/bg-11-5909-2014
WYRTKI, K., ROCHFORD, D. J. & BENNETT, E. B. 1971. Oceanographic atlas of the International Indian Ocean Expedition. In: KALUS, W. (ed.). The international Indian Ocean Expedition, 1959-65 Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printed Off.
YOU, Y & TOMCZAK, M. 1993. Thermocline circulation and ventilation in the Indian Ocean derived from water mass analysis. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 40(1), 13-56, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0637(93)90052-5