Relative growth and morphometry of sagittae otoliths of weakfishes, Cynoscion guatucupa (Cuvier, 1830) and Cynoscion jamaicensis (Vaillant & Bocourt, 1883), in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, Brazil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/Keywords:
Length-weight relationships, Otolith size, Somatic growth, Sciaenidae, Condition factorAbstract
The weakfishes, Cynoscion guatucupa and C. jamaicensis, are important demersal fishery resources and are targeted by multifleet operations in the Southwest Atlantic. This study describes the length-weight relationships between sagittae otoliths (length-OL, height-OH, thickness-OT, and weight-OWT) and the sizes of the fish (total length-LT, standard length-LS, and total weight-WT). The proportion between otolith length and height (aspect ratio-OAR) was also compared between species. The samples were obtained monthly from March 2017 to February 2018 from small-scale commercial fisheries from landings of bottom trawls and gillnets on the continental shelf in the Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern coast of Brazil. The ANCOVA did not indicate significant diferences in relative growth between sexes for both species (p > 0.05) while the length frequency was diferent (p < 0.001). Cynoscion guatucupa showed positive allometry, WT = 4E-06LT3.21 and C. jamaicensis negative allometry, WT = 2E-05LT2.90 (p < 0.05). Both species showed diferences in the condition factor between the sexes (p < 0.05). Significant diferences were observed in the measurements of the otoliths between the two species (p < 0.001). All regressions between fish measurements and otolith morphometry were highly significant (p < 0.001) for both species. The best estimates of fish size and weight were related to the otolith length: OL vs LT (r2 = 0.93; 0.96); OL vs LS (r2 = 0.92; 0.96); OL vs WT (r2 = 0.91; 0.93) for C. guatucupa and C. jamaicensis, respectively. This information adds useful biological data for multiple types of studies, e.g., food ecology (prey-predator), age and growth, reproduction, fisheries assessment and long-term landing monitoring. Our results confrmed the historical pattern of relative growth, supporting that otolith growth reflects the somatic growth of weakfishes in the study area, reinforcing the importance to determine these reference points.
References
AGUILERA, O. A., MORAES-SANTOS, H., COSTA, S., OHE, F., JARAMILLO, C. & NOGUEIRA, A. 2013. Ariid sea catfishes from the coeval Pirabas (Northeastern Brazil), Cantaure, Castillo (Northwestern Venezuela), and Castilletes (North Colombia) formations (early Miocene), with description of three new species. Swiss Journal of Paleontology, 132(1), 45-68, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13358-013-0052-4
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13358-013-0052-4
AGUIRRE, H. 2003. Allometric growth of the sulcus in Cynoscion spp. (Sciaenidae). Journal of Fish Biology, 63, 1341-1346.
ALVES, A. V., HAIMOVICI, M. & CARDOSO, L. G. 2020. Long-term changes in the life history of the Jamaican weakfish, Cynoscion jamaicensis (Vaillant and Bocourt, 1883), in southern Brazil. Regional studies in Marine Science, 34, 100163, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101063
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101063
AVIGLIANO, E., COMTE, G., ROSSO, J. J., MABRAGAÑA, E., PAOLA, D. R., SANCHEZ, S., VOLPEDO, A. V., ROSSO, F. D. & SCHENONE, N. F. 2015. Identificación de stocks pesqueros de la corvina de río (Plagioscion ternetzi) de los ríos Paraguay y Paraná, mediante el análisis morfométrico de sus otólitos. Latin American Journal Aquatic Research, 43(4), 718-725.
AVIGLIANO, E., MARTINEZ, C. F. R. & VOLPEDO, A. V. 2014. Combined use of otolith microchemistry and morphometry as indicators of the habitat of the silverside (Odontesthes bonariensis) in a freshwater-estuarine environment. Fisheries Research, 149, 55-60.
BALDÁS, M. I., PÉREZ MACRI G., VOLPEDO A. V. & ECHEVERRÍA, D. D. 1997. Morfología de la Sagitta de peces marinos de la costa bonaerense de la Argentina I: Carangidae, Sciaenidae, Mullidae. Atlântica, 19, 99-112.
BARRADAS, J. R. S., LERMEN, I. S., LARRÉ, G. G., MARTINS T. P. & FONTOURA, N. F. 2016. Polyphasic growth in fish: a case study with Corydoras paleatus (Siluriformes, Callichthyidae). Iheringia, Série Zoologia, 106, e2016017, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2016017
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2016017
BATTAGLIA, P., MALARA, D., ROMEO, T. & ANDALORO, F. 2010. Relationships between otolith size and fish size in some mesopelagic and bathypelagic species from the Mediterranean Sea (Strait of Messina, Italy). Scientia Marina, 74(3), 605-612.
BERVIAN, G., FONTOURA, N. F. & HAIMOVICI, M. 2006. Statistical model of variable allometric growth: otolith growth in Micropogonias furnieri (Actinopterygii, Sciaenidae). Journal of Fish Biology, 68, 196-208.
BROWN-PETERSON, N. J., WYANSKI, D. M., SABORIDO-REY, F., MACEWICZ, B. J. & LOWERRE-BARBIERI, S. K. 2011. A standardized terminology for describing reproductive development in fishes. Marine and Coastal Fisheries, 3(1), 52-70, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19425120.2011.555724
» https://doi.org/10.1080/19425120.2011.555724
BUSTOS, R. L., DANERI, G. A., VOLPEDO, A. V., HARRINGTON, A. & VARELA, E. A. 2014. The diet of the South American sea lion (Otaria favescens) during the summer season at Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina. Aquatic Biology, 20, 235-243.
CAMPANA, S. E. 2001. Accuracy, precision and quality control in age determination, including a review of the use and abuse of age validation methods. Journal of Fish Biology, 59(2), 197-242.
CARVALHO, B. M. & CORRÊA, M. F. M. 2014. Morphometry of the sagittal otolith from Atherinella brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Actinopterygii – Atherinopsidae), at the coast of Paraná. Tropical Oceanography, 42(1), 1-6.
CARVALHO, M. B., VOLPEDO, A. V., VAZ-DOS-SANTOS, A. M. & SPACH, H. L. 2017. Use of otolith microchemistry as habitat indicator of Anchoa tricolor (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) in a subtropical estuary. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 45(2), 457-465.
CASTRO, L. A. B. & PETRERE JUNIOR, M. 2001. Estrutura populacional e mortalidade de Micropogonias furnieri, Macrodon ancylodon e Cynoscion jamaicensis, no sudeste do Brasil, de 1982 a 1996. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 27(1), 61-76.
CASTRO, P. M. G., CARNEIRO, M. H., CERGOLE, M. C., SERVO, G. J. M. & MUCINHATO, C. M. D. 2005. Cynoscion jamaicensis (Vaillant & Bocourt, 1883) Estoque Sul. In: CERGOLE, C., ÁVILA-DA-SILVA, A. O. & ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. B. (eds.). Análise das principais pescarias comerciais da região sudeste-sul do brasil: dinâmica populacional das espécies em explotação São Paulo: Série documentos REVIZEE – SCORE SUL/Instituto Oceanográfico – USP, pp. 40-45.
CASTRO, P. M. G., CERGOLE, M. C., CARNEIRO, M. H., MUCINHATO, C. M. D. & SERVO, G. J. M. 2002. Crescimento, mortalidade e taxa de explotação do goete Cynoscion jamaicensis (Perciformes: Sciaenidae), na região sudeste-sul do Brasil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 28(2), 141-153.
CAZORLA, A. L. 2000. Age structure of the population of weak-fish Cynoscion guatucupa (Cuvier) in the Bahía Blanca waters, Argentina. Fisheries Research, 46(1-3), 179-286.
CERGOLE, C., ÁVILA-DA-SILVA, A. O. & ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. B. 2005. Análise das principais pescarias comerciais da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: dinâmica populacional das espécies em explotação São Paulo: Série documentos REVIZEE – SCORE SUL/Instituto Oceanográfico – USP.
CHANTHRAN, S. S. D., LIM, P. E., POONG, S. W., DU, J. & LOH, K. H. 2020. Relationships between sagittal otolith size and body size of Terapon jarbua (Teleostei, Terapontidae) in Malaysian waters. Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 39, 372-381, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-019-9193-7
» https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-019-9193-7
CHAO, N. L., FRÉDOU, F. L., HAIMOVICI, M., PERES, M. B., POLIDORO, B., RASEIRA, M., SUBIRÁ, R. & CARPENTER, K. 2015. A popular and potentially sustainable fishery resource under pressure-extinction risk and conservation of Brazilian Sciaenidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). Global Ecology Conservation, 4, 117-126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2015.06.002
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2015.06.002
COSTA, M. R., TUBINO, R. A. & MONTEIRO-NETO, C. 2018. Length-based estimates of growth parameters and mortality rates of fish populations from a coastal zone in the Southeastern Brazil. Zoologia, 35, e22235, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e.22235
» http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e.22235
CRUZ, A. & LOMBARTE, A. 2004. Otolith size and their relationship with colour pattern and sound production. Journal of Fish Biology, 65(6), 1512-1525.
DAVOREN, G. K. & HALDEN, N. M. 2014. Connectivity of capelin (Mallotus villosus) between regions and spawning habitats in Newfoundland inferred from otolith chemistry. Fisheries Research, 159, 95-104, DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2014.05.010
» http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2014.05.010
FIGUEIREDO, J. L. 1992. Sobre a aplicação dos nomes Cynoscion striatus (Cuvier, 1829) e Cynoscion guatucupa (Cuvier, 1830) (Teleostei: Sciaenidae). Comunicações do Museu de Ciências da PUCRS. Série Zoologia, 5(8), 117-121.
FIPERJ (Fundação Instituto de Pesca do Estado do Rio de Janeiro). 2020. Estatística Pesqueira do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. PMAP-RJ, Projeto de Monitoramento da Atividade Pesqueira no Estado do Rio de Janeiro (2018-2019) [online]. In: FIPERJ, (org.). Projeto de Monitoramento da Atividade Pesqueira no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Relatório Técnico Consolidado Final – RTF. Rio de Janeiro: FIPERJ. Available at: http://www.fperj.rj.gov.br/index.php/publicacao/index/1 [Accessed: 2022 Feb 02].
» http://www.fperj.rj.gov.br/index.php/publicacao/index/1
FISCHER, L. G., PEREIRA, L. E. D. & VIEIRA, J. P. 2011. Peixes estuarinos e costeiros 2nd ed. Rio Grande: Instituto de Oceanografia – FURG.
FONTELES-FILHO, A. A. 2011. Oceanografia, biologia e dinâmica populacional de recursos pesqueiros Fortaleza: UFC (Universidade Federal do Ceará).
FROESE, R. 2006. Cube law, condition factor and weight-length relationships: history, meta-analysis and recommendations. Journal Applied Ichthyology, 22(4), 241-53, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00805.x
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00805.x
FROESE, R., TSIKLIRAS, A. C. & STERGIOU, K. I. 2011. Editorial note on weight-length relations of fishes. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria, 41(4), 261-263, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3750/AIP2011.41.4.01
» https://doi.org/10.3750/AIP2011.41.4.01
GAGLIANO, M. & MCCORMICK, M. I. 2004. Feeding history infuences otolith shape in tropical fish. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 278, 291-296.
GIARRIZZO, T., OLIVEIRA, R. R. S., ANDRADE, M. C., GONÇALVES, A. P., BARBOSA, T. A. P., MARTINS, A. R. & SOUSA, L. M. 2015. Length-weight and length-length relationships for 135 fish species from the Xingu River (Amazon Basin, Brazil). Journal Applied Ichthyology, 31(2), 415-424, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12677
» https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12677
GRANADEIRO, J. P. & SILVA, M. A. 2000. The use of otoliths and vertebrae in the identification and size estimation of fish in predator-prey studies. Cybium, 24(4), 383-393.
HAIMOVICI, M. 2000. Recursos pesqueiros demersais da região Sul - Subsídios para o levantamento do estado da arte dos recursos vivos marinhos do Brasil Rio Grande: Programa REVIZEE/MMA/FURG.
HAIMOVICI, M. & MIRANDA, L. V. 2005. Cynoscion guatucupa (Cuvier, 1830). Estoque Sul. In: CERGOLE, C., ÁVILA-DA-SILVA, A. O. & ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. B. (eds.). Análise das principais pescarias comerciais da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: dinâmica populacional das espécies em explotação São Paulo: Série documentos REVIZEE – SCORE SUL/Instituto Oceanográfico – USP, pp. 46-51.
HAIMOVICI, M. & VELASCO, G. 2000. Length-weight relationships of marine fishes from southern Brazil. Naga ICLARM Quartely, 23(1), 19-23.
HAMMER, Ø., HARPER, D. A. T. & RYAN, P. D. 2001. PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica [online], 4(1), 9. Available at: https://www.nhm.uio.no/english/research/infrastructure/past/ [Accessed: 2022 Jan 10].
» https://www.nhm.uio.no/english/research/infrastructure/past/
HARVEY, J. T., LOUGHLIN, T. R., PEREZ, M. A. & OXMAN, D. S. 2000. NOAA - Technical Report NMFS, 150 - Relationship between fish size and otolith length for 63 species of fishes from the Eastern North Pacific Ocean [online]. Washington: U.S. Department of Commerce NOAA. Available at: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/3159 [Accessed: 2020 Mar 05].
» https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/3159
HOFF, G. R. & BUIMAN, L. A. 1993. Morphometry and composition of red drum otoliths: changes associated with temperature, somatic growth rate, and age. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 106a(2), 209-219.
HOSSAIN, M. Y., RAHMAN, M. M., AHMED, F., AHMED, Z. F. & OHTOMI, J. 2014. Length-weight and length-length relationships and form factor of three threatened fishes from the Ganges River (NW Bangladesh). Journal Applied Ichthyology, 30(1), 221-224, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12251
» https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12251
HUUSKONEN, H. & KARJALAINEN, A. 1998. A preliminary study on relationship between otolith increment width, metabolic rate, and growth in juvenile whitefish. Archives of Hydrobiology, 142(3), 371-383.
HUXLEY, J. S. 1924. Constant diferential growth-ratios and their significance. Nature, 2877(114), 895-986.
JAUREGUIZAR, A. J., RUARTE, C. O. & GUERRERO, R. A. 2006. Distribution of age-classes of striped weakfish (Cynoscion guatucupa) along an estuarine-marine gradient: correlations with the environmental parameters. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 67(1), 82-92.
JOYEUX, J. C., GIARRIZZO, T., MACIEIRA, R. M., SPACH, H. L. & VASKE JUNIOR, T. 2008. Length-weight relationships for Brazilian estuarine fishes along a latitudinal gradient. Journal Applied Ichthyology, 25(3), 350-355.
KLOKLER, D. 2020. Fishing for “lucky stones”: symbolic uses of otoliths in Brazilian shell sites. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 58, 101167, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101167
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101167
LOMBARTE, A., TORRES, G. J. & MORALES-NIN, B. 2003. Specific Merluccius otolith growth patterns related to phylogenetics and environmental factors. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United King-down, 83(2), 277-281.
LOMBARTE, A. & TUSET, V. 2015. Morfometria de Otólitos. Capítulo 3. In: VOLPEDO, A. V. & VAZ-DOS-SANTOS, A. (eds.). Métodos de estudios con otólitos: principios y aplicaciones Métodos de estudos com otólitos: princípios e aplicações Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Educación.
LONGHURST, A. R. & PAULY, D. 2007. Ecologia dos oceanos tropicais São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo/Edusp.
MACCHI, G. J. & ACHA, E. M. 1998. Aspectos reproductivos de las principales especies de peces en la Zona Comun de Pesca Argentino-Uruguaya y en El Rincón. INIDEP Informe Técnico [online], 21, 67-89. Available at: http://www.ctmfm.org/upload/biblioteca/201708/cg_enlace-11-150211215672.pdf [Accessed: 2020 Nov 20].
» http://www.ctmfm.org/upload/biblioteca/201708/cg_enlace-11-150211215672.pdf
MELBINGER, A. & VERGASSOLA, M. 2015. The impact of environmental fuctuations on evolutionary fitness functions. Scientific Reports, 5, 15211, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15211
» https://doi.org/10.1038/srep15211
MENEZES, N. A., BUCKUP, P. A., FIGUEIREDO, J. L. & MOURA, R. L. 2003. Catálogo das espécies de peixes marinhos do Brasil São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia de Universidade de São Paulo, pp. 1-159.
MENEZES, N. A. & FIGUEIREDO, J. L. 1980. Manual de peixes marinhos do sudeste do Brasil. IV. Teleostei (3) São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo.
MIOTTO, M., CARVALHO, B, M., SPACH, H. L. & BARBIERI, E. 2017. Ictiofauna demersal na alimentação do gaivotão (Larus dominicanus) em um ambiente subtropical. Ornitologia Neotropical, 28, 27-36.
MIRANDA, L. V. & HAIMOVICI, M. 2007. Changes in the population structure, growth and mortality of striped weakfish Cynoscion guatucupa (Sciaenidae, Teleostei) of southern Brazil between 1976 and 2002. Hydrobiologia, 589, 69-78, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-0721-7
» https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-0721-7
MONTEIRO, L. R., DI BENEDITTO, A. P. M., GUILHERMO, L. H. & RIVERA, L. A. 2005. Allometric changes and shape diferentiation of Sagitta otolithis in sciaenid fishes. Fisheries Research, 74, 288-299.
MPA (MINISTÉRIO DA PESCA E AQUICULTURA). 2010. Boletim estatístico da pesca e aquicultura - 2008-2009 [online]. Brasília: MPA. Available at: https://www.icmbio.gov.br/cepsul/images/stories/biblioteca/download/esta-tistica/est_2008_2009_nac_pesca.pdf [Accessed: 2020 Mar 10].
MUNK, K. M. 2012. Somatic-otolith size correlations for 18 marine fish species and their importance to age determination Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Regional Information Report, 5j12-13, Anchorage [online]. Alaska: Department of Fish and Game. Available at: https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/fedaidpdfis/RIR.5J.2012.13.pdf [Accessed: 2020 Nov 20].
» https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/fedaidpdfis/RIR.5J.2012.13.pdf
MUTO, E. Y., SOARES, L. S. H. & ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. 2000. Length-weight relationship of marine fish species of São Sebastião system, São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Naga ICLARM Quartely, 23(4), 27-29.
PANTALEÃO, F., CARVALHO-BATISTA, A., FRANSOZO, A. & COSTA, R. C. 2016. The influence of up-welling on the diversity and distribution of marine shrimp (Penaeoidea and Caridea) in two tropical coastal areas of southeastern Brazil. Hydrobiologia, 763(1), 381-395, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-0152429-4
» https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-0152429-4
PASSOS, A. C., SCHWARZ JUNIOR, R., CARTAGENA, B. F. C., GARCIA, A. S. & SPACH, H. L. 2012. Weight-length relationship of 63 demersal fishes on the shallow coast of Paraná, Brazil. Journal Applied Ichthyology, 28(5), 845-847.
PAXTON, J. R. 2000. Fish otoliths: do sizes correlate with taxonomic group, habitat, and/or luminescence? Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society of London, 355(1401), 1299-1303.
PEREZ-COMESAÑA, J. E., BECHTHOLD, C., ARIAS, K., CARRIZO, G. R. & RIESTRA, C. 2014. Estimación de la longitude de la Pescadilla de red (Cynoscion guatucupa) (Achtinopterygii: Sciaenidae) utilizando relaciones morfométricas de huesos del cráneo y de la cintura escapular, otolitos y medida específicas del cuerpo. Revista del Museo argentino de Ciencias Naturales, 16(1), 89-93.
PERIN, S. & VAZ-DOS-SANTOS, A. M. 2014. Morphometry and relative growth of the Brazilian sardine, Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879) in the southeastern Brazilian bight. Arquivos de Zoologia, 45, 63-72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v45iespp63-72
» https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-7793.v45iespp63-72
POPPER, A.N., RAMCHARITAR, J. & CAMPANA, S. E. 2005. Why otoliths? Insights from inner ear physiology and fisheries biology. Marine and Freshwater Research, 56, 497-504.
RAMCHARITAR, J., HIGGS, D. M. & POPPER, A. N. 2001. Sciaenid inner ears: a study in diversity. Brain Behavior and Evolution, 58, 152-162.
RONDINELI, G. R., BRAGA, F. M. DE S., TUTUI, S. L. S. & BASTOS, G. C. C. 2007. Dieta de Menticirrhus americanos (Linnaeus, 1758) e Cynoscion jamaicensis (Vaillant & Bocourt, 1883) (Pisces, Sciaenidae) no Sudeste do Brasil, Estado de São Paulo. Boletim Institutos de Pesca, 33(2), 221-228.
SANTOS, E. P. 1963. Growth of goete: quantitative aspects. Boletim do Instituto de Oceanografia, 13(1), 185-190.
SANTOS, E. P. 1968. Estudo populacional do goete, Cynoscion petranus (Ribeiro, 1915). Boletim do Instituto de Oceanografia, 17(1), 17-31.
SEGURA, A. M., TRINCHIN, R., RABELLINO, J., SCARABINO, F., TEIXERA-DE MELLO, F. & CARRANZA, A. 2012. Length-weight relationships of 14 coastal fish species from Punta del Diablo (Rocha, Uruguay). Journal Applied Ichthyology, 28(5), 852-853.
SMOLIŃSKI, S. & BERG, F. 2022. Varying relationships between fish length and scale size under changing environmental conditions – multidecadal perspective in Atlantic herring. Ecological Indicators, 134, 108494, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108494
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108494
SOUZA, G. M., TUBINO, R. A., MONTEIRO-NETO, C. & COSTA, M. R. 2019. Relationships between fish and otolith dimensions of Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) (Perciformes: Pomatomidae) in southeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 17(1), e180032, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20180032
» https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20180032
SPACH, H. & YAMAGUTI, N. 1989a.Variação geográfica de Cynoscion jamaicensis (Pisces: Sciaenidae) entre as latitudes 20°18’S (Vitória, ES) e 32°10’S (Barra do Rio Grande, RS) II - caracteres morfométricos. Nerítica, 4(1), 77-104.
SPACH, H. & YAMAGUTI, N. 1989b. Variação geográfica de Cynoscion jamaicensis (Pisces: Sciaenidae) entre as latitudes 20°18’S (Vitória, ES) e 32°10’S (Barra do Rio Grande, RS) III - Otólito Sagitta. Nerítica, 4(1), 105-117.
TEIMORI, A., SCHULZ-MIRBACH, T., ESMAEILI, H. R. & REICHENBACHER, B. 2012. Geographical differentiation of Aphanius dispar (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae) from Southern Iran. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 50(4), 289-304, DOI: http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2012.00667.x
» http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2012.00667.x
TOLLIT, D. J., STEWARD, M. J., THOMPSON, P. M., PIERCE, G. J., SANTOS, M. B. & HUGHES, S. 1997. Species and size differences in the digestion of otoliths and beaks: implications for estimates of pinniped diet composition. Canadian Journal of Fish Aquatic Science, 54(1), 105-1197.
TUSET, V. M., LOMBARTE, A. & ASSIS, C. A. 2008. Otolith atlas for the western Mediterranean, north and central eastern Atlantic. Scientia Marina, 72(Suppl 1), S7-S198, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2008.72s17
» https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2008.72s17
VALENTIN, J. L., ANDRE, D. L. & JACOB, S. A. 1987. Hydrobiology in the Cabo Frio (Brazil) upwelling: two-dimensional structure and variability during a wind cycle. Continental Shelf Research, 7(1), 77-88.
VAN DIJK, P. L. M., HARDEWIG, I. & HÖLKER, F. 2005. Energy reserves during food deprivation and compensatory growth in juvenile roach: the importance of season and temperature. Journal of Fish Biology, 66(1), 167-181, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00590.x
» https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00590.x
VAZ-DOS-SANTOS, A. M. & ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. 2019. Growth in fisheries resources from the Southwestern Atlantic São Paulo: IOUSP.
VAZ-DOS-SANTOS, A. M., SANTOS-CRUZ, N. N. & ROSSI-WONGTSCHOWSKI, C. L. D. B. 2007. Caracterização dos otólitos sagitta do peixe-lagarto Bembrops heterurus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1903 (Teleostei: Percophidae) da região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil. Bioikos, 21(1), 69-78.
VAZZOLER, A. E. A. M. 1996. Biologia de peixes teleósteos: teoria e prática Paraná: Editora da Universidade Estadual de Maringá.
VAZZOLER, A. E. A. M. & BRAGA, F. M. S. 1983. Contribuição para o conhecimento da biologia de Cynoscion jamaicensis (Vaillant & Bocourt, 1883) na área entre Cabo de São Tome (22°04S) e Torres (29°21’S), Brasil. Boletim do Instituto de Oceanografia, 32(2), 125-136.
VAZZOLLER, A. E. A. M., SOARES, L. S. H. & CUNNINGHAM, P. T. M. 1999. Ictiofauna da costa brasileira. In: LOWE-MC CONNELL, R. H. (ed.). Estudos ecológicos de comunidades de peixes tropicais São Paulo: Edusp, pp. 535.
VIANNA, M., COSTA, F. E. S. & FERREIRA, C. N. 2004. Length-weight relationship of fish caught as by-catch by shrimp fishery in the southeastern Coast of Brazil. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 30(1), 81-85.
VIEIRA, P. C. & HAIMOVICI, M. 1993. Idade e crescimento da pescada-olhuda Cynoscion striatus (Pisces, Sciaenidae) no sul do Brasil. Atlântica, 15, 73-91.
VIEIRA, P. C. & HAIMOVICI, M. 1997. Reprodução da pescada-olhuda Cynoscion guatucupa, syn., C. striatus (Sciaenidae, Teleostei) no sul do Brasil. Atlântica, 19, 133-144.
VOLPEDO, A. 2001. Estudio de la morfometría de las sagittae en poblaciones de sciaenidos marinos de aguas cálidas del Perú y aguas templado-frías de Argentina [online]. MSc. Buenos Aires: Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Available at: http://digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar/Download/Tesis/Tesis_3334_Volpedo.pdf [Accessed: 2022 Aug 02].
» http://digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar/Download/Tesis/Tesis_3334_Volpedo.pdf
VOLPEDO, A. V., BIOLÉ, F. G., FORTUNATO, R. G. C., TOMBARI, A. D. & THOMPSON, G. A. 2017. Otolitos de peces de la costa bonaerense. In: VOLPEDO, A. V., THOMPSON, G. A. & AVIGLIANO, E. (eds.). Atlas de otólitos de Peces de Argentina Buenos Aires: CAFP-BA-PIESCI, pp. 181-248.
VOLPEDO, A. V. & ECHEVERRIA, D. D. 1999. Morfología de los otolitos sagittae de juveniles y adultos de Micro-pogonias furnieri (Desmarest, 1923) (Sciaenidae). Thalassas, 15, 19-24.
VOLPEDO, A. V., MIRETZKY, P. & CIRELLI, A. F. 2007. Stocks pesqueros de Cynoscion guatucupa y Micro-pogonias furnieri (Pisces, Sciaenidae), em la costa atlântica de Sud América: comparación entre métodos de identificación. Memoria de la Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, 165, 115-130.
VOLPEDO, A. V. & THOMPSON, G. A. 1996. Diferencias en el crecimiento de las sagittae de Prionotus nudigula Ginsburg, 1950 (Pisces: Triglidae) en relación al sexo. Boletín del Instituto Español de Oceanografía, 12(1), 3-16.
VOLPEDO, A. V. & VAZ-DOS-SANTOS, A. M. 2015. Métodos de estúdios com otolitos: principios y aplicaciones Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Educación.
WAESSLE, J. A., LASTA, C. A. & FAVERO, M. 2003. Otolith morphology and body size relationships for juvenile Sciaenidae in the Río de la Plata estuary (35-36ºS). Scientia Marina, 67(2), 233-240.
WEATHERLEY, A. H. 1972. Growth and ecology of fish populations London: Academic Press.
ZAR, J. H. 2010. Biostatistical analysis 5th ed. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Pearson.
ZISCHKE, M. T., LITHERLAND, L., TILYARD, B. R., STRARFORD, N. J., JONES, E. L. & WANG, Y. G. 2016. Otolith morphology of four mackerel species (Scomberomorus spp.) in Australia: species diferentiation and prediction for fisheries monitoring and assessment. Fisheries Research, 176, 39–47.
