Assessment of sea urchin spawning induction and oocyte conservation applied to ecotoxicological assays
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/S2675-28242020068288Keywords:
Spawning inductors, Surviva, Artificial sea water, Toxicity assays, SensibilityAbstract
Marine toxicity tests using sea urchin embryos and larvae are characterized by physicochemical induction for the release of gametes by adult organisms and by the production of excess gamic material after induction. Evaluating the effects of mortality that inducers cause on organisms, and the improvement in oocyte maintenance techniques for subsequent use, are actions of interest in the conservation of species and the sustainable use of this type of biological model. For this study, adults of the sea urchin species Lytechinus variegatus and Echinometra lucunter were obtained from the field for inductions and tests with their gametes in the laboratory. The species L. variegatus was used in maintenance experiments to assess health after induction (longline outdoor and indoor tanks) and mortality rates after induction by potassium chloride (KCl) and a mixture of potassium chloride with calcium chloride (CaCl2 ), and to evaluate bacterial growth as well as antibiograms of seawater resulting from induced spawning and in vitro fertilization. For the species E. lucunter, experiments with the same chemical inducers on mortality rates were carried out, as well as the conservation of oocytes in artificial seawater with antibiotics selected for their efficiency and toxicity for later use. Maintenance in the laboratory tanks, filled with seawater in a closed system, showed the lowest mortality rates in the group of non-induced organisms (control). The mixture of KCl and CaCl2 resulted in the lowest mortality rates of the adult organisms after spawning induction. The antibiotics Chloramphenicol and Gentamicin showed moderate efficiency in inhibiting bacterial growth, but with low toxicity, demonstrating the ability to maintain the integrity of sea urchin oocytes for up to 14 days under refrigeration.
References
ABESSA, D. M. S., RACHID, B. R. F. & SOUSA, E. C. P. M. 2001. Preliminary results in the sexual dimorphism determination of
the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck, 1816), Echinoidea, Toxopneustidae. Brazilian Journal Oceanography, 49,
-2, 133-135.
NBR/ABNT. Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas. 2012.
ABNT-NBR 15350, Ecotoxicologia aquática - Toxicidade crônica
de curta duração - Método de ensaio com ouriço-do-mar (Echinodermata: Echinoidea), ABNT, Brasil.
BATTEFORT, F., DEHOURS, E., VALLÉ, B., HAMDAOUI, A., BOUNES, V. & DUCASSÉ, J. L. 2012. Suicide attempt by intravenous potassium self-poisoning: a case report. Case Reports
in Emergency Medicine, 2012, 323818, DOI: http://dx.doi.
org/10.1155/2012/323818.
BERTO, J., ROCHENBACH, G. C., BARREIROS, M. A., CORRÊA, A. X.
R., PELUSO-SILVA, S. & RADETSKI, C. M. 2009. Physico-chemical, microbiological and ecotoxicological evaluation of a
septic tank/Fenton reaction combination for the treatment
of hospital wastewaters. Ecotoxicology and Environmental
Safety, 72, 1076-1081.
COSTA, M. M., PEIXOTO, R. M., BOIJINK, C. L., CASTAGNA, L., MEURER, F. & VARGAS, A. C. 2008. Sensibilidade antimicrobiana de
bactérias isoladas de Jundiá (Rhamdia quelen). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 28, 10, 477-480.
DALE, B. & de SANTIS, A. 1981. Maturation and fertilization of the
sea urchin oocyte: an electrophysiological study. Developmental Biology, 85, 2, 474-484.
DUFRESNE-DUBÉ, L., DUBÉ, F., GUERRIER, P. & COUILLARD, P. 1983.
Absence of a complete block to polyspermy after fertilization
of Mytilus galloprovincialis (Mollusca, Pelecypoda) oocytes.
Developmental Biology, 97, 1, 27-33.
EPEL, D., VACQUIER, V. D., PEELER, M., MILLER, P. & PATTON, C.
Sea urchin gametes in the teaching laboratory: good
experiments and good experiences. In: ETTENSOHN, C., WRAY, G. A. & WESSEL, G. M. (eds.), Development of sea
urchins, ascidians, and other invertebrate. Deuterostomes:
experimental approaches. Methods in cell biology, v. 74, pp.
-824.
ÉVORA, P. R. B., REIS, C. L., FEREZ, M. A., CONTE, D. A. & GARCIA, L.
V. 1999. Distúrbios do equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico e do equilíbrio acidobásico - uma revisão prática. Medicina Ribeirão
Preto, 32, 4, 451-469.
GAGO, J. & LUÍS, O. J. 2011. Comparison of spawning induction
techniques on Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Equinoidea) broodstock. Aquaculture International, 19, 1, 181-
HARAGUCHI, T. 2000. Antibióticos: classificação geral. Revista
Brasileira de Medicina, 57, 10, 1109-1128.
KATO, K. 1966. Studies on calcium content in seawater: I. Chelatometric determination of calcium in seawater. Boletim do
Instituto Oceanográfico, 15, 1, 25-28.
LEITE, J. C. A. & MARQUES-SANTOS, L. F. 2012. Extracellular Ca2+
influx is crucial for the early embryonic development of the
sea urchin Echinometra lucunter. Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part B, Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 318, 2,
-133.
LUIS, O., DELGADO, F. & GAGO. J. 2005. Year-round captive
spawning performance of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus: relevance for the use of its larvae as live feed. Aquatic
Living Resources, 18, 1, 45-54.
MALGARIN, J. & RESGALLA, C. JR. 2015. Extending the viability
of spermatozoa and eggs of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. CryoLetters, 36, 3, 174-181.
MARENZI, A. W. C, TAMAKI, N. T. & MANZONI, G. C. 2006. Biological and economic subsidies for rational exploration of the
sea-urchin Echinometra lucunter (L., 1758), Proceedings of
the 8th International Coastal Symposium, Journal of Coastal
Research, SI 39, Itajaí, SC, Brazil, pp. 1299-1301.
MARIANTE, F. L. F., LEMOS, G. B., EUTRÓPIO, F. J. & GOMES, L. C.
Biologia reprodutiva de Echinometra lucunter (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) na Praia da Costa, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo. Zoologia (Curitiba), 26, 4, 641-646, DOI: https://
dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702009000400008.
NCCLS. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.
Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility, 8a
ed, 23, 1, NCCLS, West Valley Road, Pennsylvania,
USA, pp. 1-58.
PAGANO, G., GUIDA, M., TRIFUOGGI, M., THOMAS, P., PALUMBO,
A., ROMANO, G. & ORAL, R. 2017. Sea urchin Bioassays in toxicity testing: I. Inorganics, organics, complex mixtures and
natural products. Expert Opinion on Environmental Biology,
, 1, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2325-9655.1000142.
PALMER, L. 1937. The shedding reaction in Arbacia punctulata. Physiological Zoology, 10, 352-367.
RIBEIRO M. B., FURLEY T., SPAGO F. R. & PAREDES E. 2018a. First
steps towards Echinometra lucunter embryo cryopreservation. Cryobiology, 80, 51-54.
RIBEIRO, R. C., VERONEZ, A. C. S., TOVAR, T. T., ADAMS, S., BARTOLOMEU, D. A., PERONICO, C. & FURLEY T. H. 2018b. Cryopreservation: extending the viability of biological material
from sea urchin (Echinometra lucunter) in ecotoxicity tests.
Cryobiology, 80, 139-143.
RIBEIRO, A. O. J., VENTURA, C. R. R., CARVALHO, A. L. P. S. & SCHMIDT, A. J. 1997. Population recovery of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus in a seagrass flat (Araruama Lagoon, Brazil): the role of recruitment in a disturbed environment. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 31, 1-3, 143-150.
SOARES, J. B. & RESGALLA, C. JR. 2016. Echinodermata in ecotoxicological tests: maintenance and sensitivity. Brazilian
Journal of Oceanography, 64, 1, 29-36, DOI: https://dx.doi.
org/10.1590/S1679-87592016100106401.
SPIEGLER, M. A. & OPPENHEIMER, S. B. 1995. Extending the viability of sea urchin gametes. Cryobiology, 32, 168-174.
USEPA. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2002.
EPA-821-R-02-014 - Short-term methods for estimating the
chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to marine
and estuarine organisms. 3rd ed. EPA, Washington, DC, pp.
-486.
VACQUIER, V. D. 2011. Laboratory on Sea Urchin Fertilization.
Molecular Reproduction & Development, 78, 553-564.
VIEIRA NETO, O. M. & MOYSÉS NETO, M. 2003. Distúrbios do
equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico. Medicina, Ribeirão Preto, 36,
-337.
ZAGATTO, P. A. 2006. Ecotoxicologia. In: ZAGATTO, P. A. & BERTOLETTI, E. Ecotoxicologia aquática, princípios e aplicações.
Editora Rima, São Paulo, pp. 1-13.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Ocean and Coastal Research is an open-access journal available through SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online).
Ocean and Coastal Research journal title abbreviation is Ocean Coast. Res. and should be used in footnotes, references, and bibliographic entries.
All Ocean and Coastal Research scientific articles are freely available without charge to the user or institution. In accordance with the BOAI definition of open access, all contents are available to readers free of charge. Users may read, download, copy, and link to the full texts of the articles. They may be used for any lawful purpose without prior authorization from the publisher or the author, as long as proper credit is given to the original publication.
All Ocean and Coastal Research published scientific articles receive an individual Digital Object Identifier (DOI) persistent digital document identification.
All the content of the journal, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons License type BY. Authors retain the copyright and full publishing rights without restrictions.
More information on intellectual property can be found here and on Scielo's Open Acess Statement.
Ocean and Coastal Research is listed in Publons and reviewers and editors can add their verified peer review and editing history to their Publons profile.
Ocean and Coastal Research is indexed in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) and complies with principles of transparency and best practice for scholarly publications.
Ocean and Coastal Research is committed to the best standards in open-access publishing by adopting ethical and quality standards throughout the publishing process - from initial manuscript submission to the final article publication. This ensures authors that their work will have visibility, accessibility, reputation, usage, and impact in a sustainable model of scholarly publishing.
