Ultrasonographic aspects of the gallbladder mucocele in 30 dogs: retrospective study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2023.194905Keywords:
Gallbladder, Ultrasound, Endocrinopathies, CanineAbstract
Gallbladder mucocele is characterized by hyperplasia of the gallbladder epithelium, increased mucus production, accumulation, and densification of the bile content, which can lead to biliary obstruction, necrosis, and rupture of the gallbladder wall. Its finding may be accidental or related to symptoms. A retrospective study (2016-2019) was carried out based on abdominal ultrasound examinations in dogs, correlating aspects of the gallbladder and biliary system in the mucocele with existing comorbidities. Thirty dogs diagnosed with biliary mucocele were evaluated, of which 46.66% had the disease at an early stage, and 53.33% showed a more advanced stage. Of these, 66.66% were related to endocrinopathies and hyperadrenocorticism. Signs of extrahepatic bile duct obstruction and biliary peritonitis were observed in two animals. Due to their potential risk of complications, follow-up ultrasound assessments are indicated in cases that opt for clinical treatment, not excluding the need for surgical intervention.
Downloads
References
Aguirre AL, Center SA, Randolph JF, Yeager AE, Keegan AM, Harvey HJ, Erb HN. Gallbladder disease in Shetland Sheepdogs: 38 cases (1995–2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007;231(1):79-88. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.231.1.79. PMid:17605668.
Aicher KM, Cullen JM, Seiler GS, Lunn KF, Mathews KG, Gookin JL. Investigation of adrenal and thyroid gland dysfunction in dogs with ultrasonographic diagnosis of gallbladder mucocele formation. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0212638. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212638. PMid:30811473.
Baker SG, Mayhew PD, Mehler SJ. Choledochotomy and primary repair of extrahepatic biliary duct rupture in seven dogs and two cats. J Small Anim Pract. 2011;52(1):32-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.01014.x. PMid:21143234.
Bargellini P, Orlandi R, Paloni C, Rubini G, Fonti P, Righi C, Peterson ME, Rishniw M, Boiti C. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound complements two-dimensional ultrasonography in diagnosing gallbladder diseases in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2018;59(3):345-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.12601. PMid:29393556.
Besso JG, Wrigley RH, Gliatto JM, Webster CRL. Ultrasonographic appearance and clinical findings in 14 dogs with gallbladder mucocele. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2000;41(3):261-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01489.x. PMid:10850878.
Choi J, Kim A, Keh S, Oh J, Kim H, Yoon J. Comparison between ultrasonographic and clinical findings in 43 dogs with gallbladder mucoceles. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2014;55(2):202-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.12120. PMid:24219310.
Cook AK, Jambhekar AV, Dylewski AM. Gallbladder sludge in dogs: ultrasonographic and clinical findings in 200 patients. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2016;52(3):125-31. https://doi.org/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6282. PMid:27008319.
Feeney D, Anderson KL, Ziegler LE, Jessen CR, Daubs BM, Hardy RM. Statistical relevance of ultrasonographic criteria in the assessment of diffuse liver disease in dogs and cats. Am J Vet Res. 2008;69(2):212-21. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.69.2.212. PMid:18241018.
Hittmair K, Vielgrader H, Loupal G. Ultrasonographic evaluation of gallbladder wall thickness in cats. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound. 2001;42(2):149-55. PMid:11327363.
Inkinen J, Sand J, Arvola P, Pörsti I, Nordback I. Direct effect of thyroxine on pig sphincter of Oddi contractility. Dig Dis Sci. 2001;46(1):182-6. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005674211976 PMid:11270783.
Jaffey JA, Graham A, VanEerde E, Hostnik E, Alvarez W, Arango J, Jacobs C, DeClue AE. Gallbladder mucocele: variables associated with outcome and the utility of ultrasonography to identify gallbladder rupture in 219 dogs (2007–2016). J Vet Intern Med. 2018;32(1):195-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14898. PMid:29205503.
Jaffey JA, Pavlick M, Webster CR, Moore GE, McDaniel KA, Blois SL, Brand EM, Reich CF, Motschenbacher L, Hostnik ET, Su D, Lidbury JA, Raab O, Carr SV, Mabry KE, Fox-Alvarez W, Townsend S, Palermo S, Nakazono Y, Ohno K, VanEerde E, Fieten H, Hulsman AH, Cooley-Lock K, Dunning M, Kisielewicz C, Zoia A, Caldin M, Conti-Patara A, Ross L, Mansfield C, Lynn O, Claus MA, Watson PJ, Swallow A, Yool DA, Gommeren K, Knops M, Ceplecha V, de Rooster H, Lobetti R, Dossin O, Jolivet F, Papazoglou LG, Pappalardo MCF, Manczur F, Dudás-Györki Z, O’Neill EJ, Martinez C, Gal A, Owen RL, Gunn E, Brown K, Harder LK, Griebsch C, Anfinsen KP, Gron TK, Marchetti V, Heilmann RM, Pazzi P, DeClue AE. Effect of clinical signs, endocrinopathies, timing of surgery, hyperlipidemia, and hyperbilirubinemia on outcome in dogs with gallbladder mucocele. Vet J. 2019;251:105350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105350 PMid:31492387.
Jaffey JA, Kreisler R, Shumway K, Lee YJ, Lin CH, Durocher-Babek LL, Seo KW, Choi H, Nakashima K, Harada H, Kanemoto H, Lin LS. Ultrasonographic patterns, clinical findings, and prognostic variables in dogs from Asia with gallbladder mucocele. J Vet Intern Med. 2022;36(2):565-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16384. PMid:35170083.
Kakimoto T, Kanemoto H, Fukushima K, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H. Bile acid composition of gallbladder contents in dogs with gallbladder mucocele and biliary sludge. Am J Vet Res. 2017;78(2):223-9. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.78.2.223. PMid:28140636.
Kutsunai M, Kanemoto H, Fukushima K, Fujino Y, Ohno K, Tsujimoto H. The association between gall bladder mucoceles and hyperlipidaemia in dogs: A retrospective case control study. Vet J. 2014;199(1):76-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.10.019. PMid:24268484.
Laukkarinen J, Sand J, Saaristo R, Salmi J, Turjanmaa V, Vehkalahti P, Nordback I. Is bile flow reduced in patients with hypothyroidism? Surgery. 2003;133(3):288-93. https://doi.org/10.1067/msy.2003.77. PMid:12660641.
Lee S, Kweon O, Kim WH. Relationship of serum leptin concentration with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism and cholestatic disease in dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 2019;60(10):601-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.13044. PMid:31276206.
Lee S, Kweon O-K, Kim WH. Increased leptin and leptin receptor expression in dogs with gallbladder mucocele. J Vet Intern Med. 2017;31(1):36-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14612. PMid:28032399.
Ludwig LL, McLoughlin MA, Graves TK, Crisp MS. Surgical treatment of bile peritonitis in 24 dogs and 2 cats: a retrospective study (1987–1994). Vet Surg. 1997;26(2):90-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.1997.tb01470.x. PMid:9068158.
Malek S, Sinclair E, Hosgood G, Moens NMM, Baily T, Boston SE. Clinical findings and prognostic factors for dogs undergoing cholecystectomy for gall bladder mucocele. Vet Surg. 2013;42(4):418-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2012.01072.x. PMid:23330871.
Mehler SJ, Mayhew PD, Drobatz KJ, Holt DE. Variables associated with outcome in dogs undergoing extrahepatic biliary surgery: 60 cases (1988-2002). Vet Surg. 2004;33(6):644-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2004.04087.x. PMid:15659021.
Mehler SJ. Complications of the extrahepatic biliary surgery in companion animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2011;41(5):949-67, vi. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.05.009. PMid:21889694.
Mesich MLL, Mayhew PD, Paek M, Holt DE, Brown DC. Gall bladder mucoceles and their association with endocrinopathies in dogs: a retrospective case-control study. J Small Anim Pract. 2009;50(12):630-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00811.x. PMid:19954439.
Nyland TG, Larson MM, Mattoon JS. Small animal diagnostic ultrasound. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2015. (Vol. 3).
Parkanzky M, Grimes J, Schmiedt C, Secrest S, Bugbee A. Long‐term survival of dogs treated for gallbladder mucocele by cholecystectomy, medical management, or both. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33(5):2057-66. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15611. PMid:31490022.
Penninck D, D’Anjou M. Atlas of small animal ultrassonography. 2nd ed. Iowa: Wiley Blackwell; 2015. 586 p.
Pike FS, Berg J, King NW, Penninck DG, Webster CRL. Gallbladder mucocele in dogs: 30 cases (2000–2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;224(10):1615-22. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.224.1615. PMid:15154731.
Saunders H, Thornton LA, Burchell R. Medical and surgical management of gallbladder sludge and mucocoele development in a Miniature Schnauzer. Int J Vet Sci Med. 2017;5(1):75-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijvsm.2017.01.002. PMid:30255053.
Tsukagoshi T, Ohno K, Tsukamoto A, Fukushima K, Takahashi M, Nakashima K, Fujino Y, Tsujimoto H. Decreased gallbladder emptying in dogs with biliary sludge or gallbladder mucocele. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2012;53(1):84-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01868.x. PMid:22093059.
Walter R, Dunn ME, d’Anjou M-A, Lécuyer M. Nonsurgical resolution of gallbladder mucocele in two dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008;232(11):1688-93. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.232.11.1688. PMid:18518811.
Worley DR, Hottinger HA, Lawrence HJ. Surgical management of gallbladder mucoceles in dogs: 22 cases (1999-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;225(9):1418-22. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.225.1418. PMid:15552319.
Youn G, Waschak MJ, Kunkel KAR, Gerard PD. Outcome of elective cholecystectomy for the treatment of gallbladder disease in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2018;252(8):970-5. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.252.8.970. PMid:29595398.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The journal content is authorized under the Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license (summary of the license: https://
