Factor structure, validity, and internal consistency of the Body Appreciation Scale for physically active Brazilian men with spinal cord injuries
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5935/0104-7795.20150020Keywords:
Body Image, Spinal Cord Injuries, PsychometricsAbstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the Body Appreciation Scale and its psychometric properties: specifically, the validity of its construct and its internal consistency, for persons with spinal cord injuries in Brazil. Method: A non-probabilistic sample of 70 adult men between 18 and 59 years of age who participated in this study. Partial least squares with path modeling, average variance extracted, squared correlation of the factors, bivariate correlation, variance analysis, Cronbach’s alpha test, and a Composite reliability test were conducted to evaluate factor structure, convergent, discriminant, concurrent, and divergent validity and internal consistency, respectively. Results: The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the 2-factor solution model, predicted by theory. Convergent and discriminant evidence of validity was provided. Internal consistency values were satisfactory. Weak evidence of concurrent and divergent validity were generated. Conclusion: The Body Appreciation Scale appears to be a valid and reliable scale for researchers, especially in samples of physically active men with spinal cord injury. This new scale could be used to evaluate the impact of physical therapy on body image, as well the impact of sports practice. In this way, it could provide relevant information with which physicians, physical therapists, and physical educators can guide their interventions.
Downloads
References
Trieschmann R. Spinal cord injury: psychological, social, and vocational rehabilitation. New York: Demos; 1988.
Cash TF. The Body Image workbook: an 8-step program for learning to like your looks. New York: Guilford; 2000.
Schilder P. The image and appearance of the human body. New York: International; 1978.
Cash T. Cognitive - behavioral perspectives on body image. In: Cash T, Smolak L. Body image: a handbook of science, practice and prevention. New York: Guilford; 2011. p. 39-47.
Gardner RM, Boice R. A computer program for measuring body size distortion and body dissatisfaction. Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput. 2004;36(1):89-95. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03195553
Pruzinsky T, Cash T. Understanding body images: historical and contemporary perspectives. In: Cash T, Pruzinsky T. body image: a handbook of theory, research and clinical practice. New York: Guilford; 2004. p. 03-12. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1740-1445(03)00010-X
Shontz FC. Perceptual and cognitive aspects of body experience. New York: Academic; 1969.
Krueger DW. Psychodynamic perspectives on body image. In: Cash T, Pruzinsky T. Body image: a handbook of theory, research and clinical practice. New York: Guilford; 2004. p. 30-7.
Harcourt D, Rumsey N. Body image and biomedical interventions for disfiguring conditions. In: Cash T, Smolak L. Body Image: a handbook of science, practice and prevention. New York: Guilford; 2011. p. 404-14.
Campana ANNB, Tavares MCGCF. Avaliaçao da imagem corporal: instrumentos e diretrizes para pesquisa. Sao Paulo: Phorte; 2009.
Bassett RL, Martin Ginis KA. More than looking good: impact on quality of life moderates the relationship between functional body image and physical activity in men with SCI. Spinal Cord. 2009;47(3):252-6. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.2008.114
Bassett RL, Martin Ginis KA, Buchholz AC; SHAPE SCI Research Group. A pilot study examining correlates of body image among women living with SCI. Spinal Cord. 2009;47(6):496-8. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sc.2008.174
Menzel, JE, Krawczyk R, Thompson J. Menzel, JE, Krawczyk R, Thompson J. Attitudinal assessment of body image for adolescents and adults. In: Cash T, Smolak L. Body Image: a handbook of science, practice and prevention. New York: Guilford; 2011. p. 154- 72.
Avalos L, Tylka TL, Wood-Barcalow N. The Body Appreciation Scale: development and psychometric evaluation. Body Image. 2005;2(3):285-97. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.06.002
Swami V, Campana AN, Ferreira L, Barrett S, Harris AS, Tavares MC. The Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale: initial examination of its factor structure and correlates among Brazilian adults. Body Image. 2011;8(2):179-85. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.01.001
Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: Psychology Press; 1988.
Guttmann L. Spinal cord injuries: comprehensive management and research. Melbourne: Blackwell; 1973.
Swami V, Stieger S, Haubner T, Voracek M. German translation and psychometric evaluation of the Body Appreciation Scale. Body Image. 2008;5(1):122-7. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.10.002
Swami V, Chamorro-Premuzic T. Factor structure of the Body Appreciation Scale among Malaysian women. Body Image. 2008;5(4):409-13. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.04.005
Behel JM, Rybarczyk RB. Physical disability and body image in adults. In: Cash T. Encyclopedia of body image. London: Elsevier; 2012. p. 644-9.
Swami V, Hadji-Michael M, Furnham A. Personality and individual difference correlates of positive body image. Body Image. 2008;5(3):322-5. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.03.007
Moe B. Understanding the causes of negative body image. New York: Rosen; 1999.
Hausenblas HA, Downs DS. Comparison of body image between athletes and nonathletes: a meta-analytic review. J Appl Sport Psychol.2008;5(3):322-5.
MacKinnon DP, Goldberg L, Cheong JW, Eliot D, Clarke G, Moe E. Male body esteem, and physical measurements: do leaner, or stronger, high school football players have a more positive body image? J Sport Exercise Psy. 2003; 25 (3):307-22.
Hair J, Hult GTM, Ringle C, Sarstedt MA. Primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Los Angeles: SAGE; 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2014.01.002
Nunnally JC. Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw Hill; 1967.
Campana ANNB. Relaçoes entre as dimensoes da imagem corporal: um estudo em homens brasileiros [tese]. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas; 2011.
Semerjian T, Montague S, Dominguez J, Davidian A, Leon R. Enhancement of quality of life and body satisfaction through the use of adapted exercise devices for individuals with spinal cord injuries. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2005;11(2):95-108. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1310/BXE2-MTKU-YL15-429A
Campbell A, Hausenblas HA. Effects of exercise interventions on body image: a meta-analysis. J Health Psychol. 2009;14(6):780-93. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105309338977
Kalpakjian CZ, Houlihan B, Meade MA, Karana-Zebari D, Heinemann AW, Dijkers MP, et al. Marital status, marital transitions, well-being, and spinal cord injury: an examination of the effects of sex and time. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(3):433-40. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2010.07.239
Taleporos G, McCabe MP. Body image and physical disability - personal perspectives. Soc Sci Med. 2002;54(6):971-80. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00069-7
Sheldon AP, Renwick R, Yoshida KK. Exploring body image and self-concept of men with acquired spinal cord injuries. Am J Mens Health. 2011;5(4):306-17. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988310375714
Tavares MCGCF. Imagem corporal: conceito e desenvolvimento. Barueri: Manole; 2003.
Gonçalves CO, Campana ANNB, Tavares MCGCF. A influencia da atividade física na imagem corporal: uma revisao bibliográfica. Motricidade. 2012;8(2):70-82.
Goldenberg M, Ramos MS. Nu & vestido: dez antropólogos revelam a cultura do corpo carioca. Rio de Janeiro: Record; 2007.
Nazli A. "I'm healthy": construction of health in disability. Disabil Health J. 2012;5(4):233-40. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dhjo.2012.06.001
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2015 Acta Fisiátrica
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
