Work-nonwork conflict: an urgent situation for Brazilian women
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1108/RAUSP-08-2019-0167Keywords:
Women, Men, Work-nonwork conflictAbstract
PurposeGoing further on a broad understanding of nonwork besides family, this study aims to analyze differences between women and men considering work-nonwork conflict (WNWC) in the Brazilian context, investigating time spent in eight nonwork dimensions and the dimensions more affected.
Design/methodology/approachThe study was quantitative and descriptive. A survey was conducted, based on a validated WNWC scale. The sample consisted of 338 professionals working in Brazil. Data analysis was conducted through descriptive statistics and analysis of variance.
FindingsCompared to men, women declare higher levels of WNWC considering the eight nonwork dimensions, present greater differences in stress-based conflicts and in more collective dimensions and have marriage or no children associated with more WNWC.
Research limitations/implicationsThe study highlights the need to include more nonwork aspects into career and management studies to influence organizational practices and individual choices. The main limitation is the non-probabilistic sample (results not generalizable).
Practical implicationsKnow more about WNWC will help organizations to improve lives by creating practices and a cultural environment to preserve women’s and men’s nonwork times. It may also help people to choose places to work for, matching their nonwork needs.
Social implicationsThe study reinforces demands from new family arrangements, more couples in dual-career and an aging society: organizations must prepare to have workers that want or need to dedicate time to other interests besides family or children.
Originality/valueIt goes further on a broad understanding of nonwork besides family to understand WNWC and how it may affect differently men and women.
Downloads
References
Anderson, S. E., Coffey, B. S., & Byerly, R. T. (2002). Formal organizational initiatives and informal workplace practices: Links to work-family conflict and job-related outcomes. Journal of Management, 28(6), 787–810.
Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., & Fugate, M. (2000). All in a day's work: Boundaries and micro role transitions. Academy of Management Review, 25(3), 472–491. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2000.3363315 doi: 10.5465/amr.2000.3363315.
Bailyn, L. (2006). Breaking the mold: Redesigning work for productive and satisfying lives, Cornell University Press.
Bedeian, A. G., Burke, B. G., & Moffett, R. G. (1988). Outcomes of work-family conflict among married male and female professionals. Journal of Management, 14(3), 475–491. doi: 10.1177/014920638801400310.
Belkien, L. (2003). The opt-out revolution. New York Times Magazine, 42–47. Retrieved from: www.nytimes.com/2003/10/26/magazine/the-opt-out-revolution.html
Borelli, J. L., Nelson, S. K., River, L. M., Birken, S. A., & Moss-Racusin, C. (2017). Gender differences in Work-Family guilt in parents of young children. Sex Roles, 76(5/6), 356–368. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0579-0 doi: 10.1007/s11199-016-0579-0.
Byron, K. (2005). A meta-analytic review of work–family conflict and its antecedents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(2), 169–198. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2004.08.009.
Butler, J. (2016). Problemas de gênero: feminismo e subversão da identidade, 11th edition., Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
Cahusac, E., & Kanji, S. (2014). Giving up: How gendered organizational cultures push mothers out. Gender, Work & Organization, 21(1), 57–70. doi: 10.1111/gwao.12011.
Calás, M. B., & Smircich, L. (2007). Do ponto de vista da mulher: abordagens feministas em estudos organizacionais. Clegg, S. R., Hardy, C., & Nord, W. R. (Eds), Handbook de estudos Organizacionais – Modelos de análise e novas questões em estudos organizacionais, São Paulo: Atlas. In
Carlson, D. S., & Perrewé, P. L. (1999). The role of social support in the stressor-strain relationship: an examination of work-family conflict. Journal of Management, 25(4), 513–540. doi: 10.1177/014920639902500403.
Chen, Z., Powell, G. N., & Greenhaus, J. H. (2009). Work-to-family conflict. positive spillover. and boundary management: a person-environment fit approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(1), 82–93. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2008.10.009.
Chies, P. V. (2010). Identidade de gênero e identidade profissional no campo de trabalho. Revista Estudos Feministas, 18(2), 507–528. doi: 10.1590/S0104-026X2010000200013.
Eagly, A. H., & Carli, L. L. (2007). Women and the labyrinth of leadership. Harvard Business Review, 85(9), 63–71.
Eby, L. T., Casper, W. J., Lockwood, A., Bordeaux, C., & Brinley, A. (2005). Work and family research in IO/OB: Content analysis and review of the literature (1980-2002. ). Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(1), 124–197. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2003.11.003.
Goldin, C. (2013). A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter. American Economic Review, 104(4), 1091–1119. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.4.1091 doi: 10.1257/aer.104.4.1091.
Goode, W. J. (1960). A theory of role strain. American Sociological Review, 25(4), 4. 483–496. doi: 10.2307/2092933.
Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. The Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76–88. doi: 10.2307/258214.
Grzywacz, J. G., & Butler, A. B. (2008). Work-family conflict. The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Behavior, 1, 451–468.
Gutek, B. A., Searle, S., & Klepa, L. (1991). Rational versus gender role explanations for work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(4), 560–568. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.76.4.560.
Haar, J. M. (2013). Testing a new measure of work–life balance: a study of parent and non-parent employees from New Zealand. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(17), 3305–3324. doi: 10.1080/09585192.2013.775175.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2009). Análise multivariada de dados, Bookman Editora.
Hirata, H., & Kergoat, D. (2003). A divisão sexual do trabalho revisitada. In Maruani, M. & Hirata, H. (Eds), As novas fronteiras da desigualdade: homens e mulheres no mercado de trabalho, pp. 111–123. São Paulo: Editora Senac. I
Hirschi, A., Herrmann, A., Nagy, N., & Spurk, D. (2016). All in the name of work? Nonwork orientations as predictors of salary, career satisfaction, and life satisfaction. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 95, 45–57.
Hymowitz, C., & Schelhardt, T. D. (1986). The Glass-Ceiling: Why women can’t seem to break the invisible barrier that blocks them from top jobs. The Wall Street Journal, 57, D1D4–D1D5.
IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2010). Estatísticas de gênero. Retrieved from www.ibge.gov.br/apps/snig/v1/?loc=0&cat=−1.1.2.-2.-3.128.129&ind=4728
IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2013a). Pesquisa nacional por amostra de domicílios – síntese de indicadores. Retrieved from http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv94414.pdf
IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2013b). Síntese de indicadores sociais – uma análise das condições de vida. Retrieved from http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv66777.pdf
IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2015a). Síntese de indicadores sociais: Uma análise das condições de vida da população brasileira. Disponível em: Retrieved from http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv95011.pdf
IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2015b). Folha de são paulo. Cresce diferença de jornada de trabalho entre homens e mulheres. Retrieved from www1.folha.uol.com.br/mercado/2017/02/1862048-cresce-diferenca-de-jornada-entre-homens-e-mulheres.shtml Access in: 20/11/2017.
IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2018). Uol economia. Mulheres ganham 77,5% do salário dos homens no brasil, diz IBGE. Retrieved from https://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2018/04/11/desigualdade-salarial-homem-mulher-ibge.htm?cmpid=copiaecola
Instituto Ethos (2018). Brasil é o segundo país com menos mulheres em cargos de alta gerência, revela pesquisa. Retrieved from https://www3.ethos.org.br/cedoc/brasil-e-o-segundo-pais-com-menos-mulheres-em-cargos-de-alta-gerencia-revela-pesquisa-que-ouviu-executivos-da-america-latina/#.W2zzoNJKjIU
Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R. P., Snoek, J. D. & Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational stress: Studies in role conflict and ambiguity.
Keeney, J., Boyd, E. M., Sinha, R., Westring, A. F., & Ryan, A. M. (2013). From “work–family” to “work–life”: broadening our conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82(3), 221–237. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2013.01.005.
Kossek, E. E., & Ozeki, C. (1998). Work–family conflict. policies. and the job–life satisfaction relationship: a review and directions for organizational behavior–human resources research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2), 139–149. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.83.2.139.
Kreiner, G. E. (2006). Consequences of work‐home segmentation or integration: a person‐environment fit perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(4), 485–507. doi: 10.1002/job.386.
Kreiner, G. E., Hollensbe, E. C., & Sheep, M. L. (2009). Balancing borders and bridges: Negotiating the Work-Home interface via boundary work tactics. Academy of Management Journal, 52(4), 704–730. doi: 10.5465/amj.2009.43669916.
Lapierre, L. M., & Allen, T. D. (2012). Control at work, control at home, and planning behavior: Implications for work–family conflict. Journal of Management, 38(5), 1500–1516. doi: 10.1177/0149206310385868.
Lucas, A. C. (2015). Justiça organizacional de gênero nas empresas: os sentidos atribuídos pelos profissionais de recursos humanos. Doctoral dissertation. Universidade de São Paulo.
Madalozzo, R., Martins, S. R., & Shiratori, L. (2010). Participação no mercado de trabalho e no trabalho doméstico: homens e mulheres têm condições iguais. ? Revista Estudos Feministas, 18(2), 547–566. doi: 10.1590/S0104-026X2010000200015.
Marks, S. R. (1977). Multiple roles and role strain: Some notes on human energy. time and commitment. American Sociological Review, 42(6), 921–936. doi: 10.2307/2094577.
MEC – Ministério da Educação (2012). Número de brasileiros com graduação cresce 109,83% em 10 anos. Retrieved from http://portal.mec.gov.br/component/content/article?id=17725:numero-de-brasileiros-com-graduacao-cresce-10983-em-10-anos
Metz, I. (2011). Women leave work because of family responsibilities: Fact or fiction? Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 49(3), 285–307. doi: 10.1177/1038411111413216.
Morgado, A. P. D. V. (2012). A mulher invisível: sentidos atribuídos à mulher e ao trabalho na gerência intermediária. Doctoral dissertation. Fundação Getúlio Vargas.
Nippert-Eng, C. (1996). Calendars and keys: the classification of “home” and “work. Sociological Forum, 11(3), 563–582. doi: 10.1007/BF02408393.
Oliveira, E. C., & Casado, T. (2013). Balanço entre Vida Profissional. Familiar e Pessoal – Um Estudo Exploratório Quantitativo. 8th IAM – Iberoamerican Academy Conference.
Oliveira, E. C., & Casado, T. (2017). Validação do construto conflito Trabalho-Não trabalho no contexto brasileiro. Anais do Encontro Nacional da Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Administração.
Oliveira, L. B. D., Cavazotte, F. D. S. C. N., & Paciello, R. R. (2013). Antecedentes e consequências dos conflitos entre trabalho e família. Revista de Administração Contemporânea, 17(4), 418–437. doi: 10.1590/S1415-65552013000400003.
Olson-Buchanan, J. B., & Boswell, W. R. (2006). Blurring boundaries: Correlates of integration and segmentation between work and nonwork. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(3), 432–445. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2005.10.006.
Pleck, J. H. (1977). The Work-Family role system. Social Problems, 24(4), 417–427.Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.1977.24.4.03a00040 doi: 10.1525/sp.1977.24.4.03a00040.
Rice, R. W., Frone, M. R., & Mcfarlin, D. B. (1992). Work-nonwork conflict and the perceived quality of life. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(2), 155–168. doi: 10.1002/job.4030130205.
Rocha-Coutinho, M. L. (2004). Novas opções, antigos dilemas: mulher, família, carreira e relacionamento no brasil. Temas Em Psicologia Da SBP, 12(1), 2–17. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.4013/ctc.2009.22.02
Rothbard, N. P., Phillips, K. W., & Dumas, T. L. (2005). Managing multiple roles: Work-family policies and individuals’ desires for segmentation. Organization Science, 16(3), 243–258. doi: 10.1287/orsc.1050.0124.
Sampieri, R. H., Collado, C. F., & Lucio, P. B. (2006). Metodologia de pesquisa, São Paulo: McGraw-Hill.
Shockley, K. M., Shen, W., DeNunzio, M. M., Arvan, M. L., Knudsen, E. A., & Shockley, C. (2017). Disentangling the relationship between gender and work–family conflict: an integration of theoretical perspectives using Meta-Analytic methods. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(12), 1601–1635.Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000246 doi: 10.1037/apl0000246.
Sweeney, D. J., Williams, T. A., & Anderson, D. R. (2013). Estatística aplicada à administração e economia, São Paulo: CENGAGE Learning.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Experimental design using ANOVA, Belmont: Thomson Higher Education.
Thompson, J. A., & Bunderson, J. S. (2001). Work-nonwork conflict and the phenomenology of time: beyond the balance metaphor. Work and Occupations, 28(1), 17–39. doi: 10.1177/0730888401028001003.
Venturi, G., & Godinho, T. (Eds) (2013). Mulheres brasileiras e gênero nos espaços público e privado: uma década de mudanças na opinião pública as cited Lucas. A. C. (2015). Justiça organizacional de gênero nas empresas: os sentidos atribuídos pelos profissionais de recursos humanos (Doctoral dissertation. Universidade de São Paulo).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Érica Custódia de Oliveira, Tania Casado
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Management Department of the School of Economics, Management and Accounting of the University of São Paulo.
The publication of article segments is allowed, subject to prior authorization and source identification.
Copyright is regulated under Licença Creative Commons Attribution
