Cultural unity of Mesoamerica

he iconographic problem jaguars or snakes into the Olmec foundational culture

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1676-6288.prolam.2019.163770

Keywords:

Mesoamerican Thought, Divine Olmec Images, Mesoamerican Cosmogony

Abstract

Since 1942 it was established that the Olmec culture was not only the eldest of the autochthon civilizations of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, and the western regions of Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, but it would be "the mother culture" of all those whose succeeded it, conferring cultural unity to the whole Mesoamerican complex. This interpretation, however, hide an unsolved contradiction. It is universally admitted that the main olmec deity was the jaguar, since from the very beginning their divine images were thought as were-jaguar human beings. It is the snake, however, who prevails in the sacred spaces of all subsequent cultures. This article makes a brief account of the ideas about the olmec sacred images, review recent data that point out to the predominance of the serpent in olmec iconography, and conclude that the iconic contradiction does not exist, since the olmec, just as the cultures that followed them, inscribed in their fundamental divine images, many felines and avian beings, but centrally, human beings stylized by the presence of two opposed snakes, either naturalistic or abstract. 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Octavio Quesada García, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

    P.h.D in Sciencies and Full Professor of Complete Time at the Center of  Interdisciplinary Sciences and Humanities at The Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, E-mail: oquesada@unam.mx.

References

ARQUEOLOGÍA MEXICANA. Atlas del México prehispánico. México, Editorial Raíces / Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Número Especial 5, p. 66, 2000.

BLOM, Franz Y LA FARGE, Oliver. Tribes and Temples. New Orleans: Tulane University, 1926.

BEYER, Hermann. Nota bibliográfica sobre ‘Tribes and Temples’ de F. Blom y O. La Farge. El México antiguo. v. 2, p. 305-313, 1927.

BONIFAZ NUÑO, Rubén. Imagen de Tláloc. Hipótesis iconográfica y textual. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1986.

BONIFAZ NUÑO, Rubén. Hombres y serpientes. Iconografía olmeca. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1989.

BONIFAZ NUÑO, Rubén. Olmecas: Esencia y fundación. Hipótesis iconográfica y textual. México: El Colegio Nacional, 1992.

CASO, Alfonso. Thirteen masterpieces of Mexican Archaeology. México: Editoriales Cultura y Polis, 1938.

CASO, Alfonso et al. (Eds.)Mayas y Olmecas. 2ª Mesa Redonda Sobre Problemas Antropológicos de México y Centro América. México: Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, 1942.

COVARRUBIAS, Miguel. Origen y desarrollo del estilo artístico ‘Olmeca’. En: CASO, ALFONSO et al., (Eds.) Mayas y Olmecas. 2ª Mesa Redonda Sobre Problemas Antropológicos de México y Centro América. México: Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, p. 48-49, 1942.

COVARRUBIAS, Miguel. El Arte ‛Olmeca’ o de La Venta. Cuadernos Americanos, v. 28, p. 153-179, 1946.

CHAVERO, Alfredo. Libro Primero, Capítulo I, En: México a través de los siglos. México: Editorial Cumbre, 2000 (1887).

DE JONGHE, Edouard. Histoyre du Mechique, manuscrit française inédit du XVIe siècle. Journal de la Société des Americanistes. Nouvelle Série, v. 2, p. 1-41, 1905.

DE LA FUENTE, Beatriz. ¿Puede un estilo definir una cultura?. En: URIARTE, MARÍA TERESA; GONZÁLEZ-LAUCK, REBECA (Eds.). Olmeca. Balance y perspectivas. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 2008, p. 25-37.

GAY, Carlo T. Chalcacingo. Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck-u Verlagsanstalt, 1971.

KUNZ, George F. Gems and Precious Stones of North America. New York: The Scientific Publishing Corp., 1890.

LUCKERT, Karl W. Olmec religion. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976.

QUESADA GARCÍA, Octavio, y CASTAÑEDA VALLE, Rodrigo. Iconografía Olmeca. Composición de signos y principio combinatorio. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 2011.

SAVILLE, Marshall H. A votive adze of jadeite from Mexico, Monumental Records, v. 1, p. 138-140, 1900.

SAVILLE, Marshall H. Votive axes from ancient Mexico, I y II, Indian Notes, v. VI, n. 3, p. 266-299, jul. 1929; v. VI, n. 4, p. 335-342, oct. 1929.

SELER-SACHS, Caecilie. Altertümer des Kanton Tuxtla in Staate Veracruz. In: LEHMANN, WALTER (Ed.). Festschrift Eduard Seler. Stuttgart: Strecker und Schroder, 1922.

STIRLING, Mathew W. Great Stone Faces of the Mexican Jungle. The National Geographic Magazine, v. 78, n. 3, p. 309-334, 1940.

VAILLANT, George C. A Pre-Columbian Jade. Artistic Comparisons Which Suggest the Identification of a New Mexican Civilization. Natural History, v. 32, p. 512-520, 1932.

VAILLANT, George C. y VAILLANT, Suzannah. Excavations at Gualupita. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1934.

WEYERSTALL, Albert. Some Observations on Indian Mounds, Idols and Pottery in the Lower Papaloapan Basin, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. Middle American Research Series Publication. v. 4, 23-69, 1932.

Downloads

Published

2019-12-30

Issue

Section

Artigos

How to Cite

Quesada García, O. (2019). Cultural unity of Mesoamerica: he iconographic problem jaguars or snakes into the Olmec foundational culture. Brazilian Journal of Latin American Studies, 18(35), 13-32. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1676-6288.prolam.2019.163770