Lesbian intimate partner violence and perceived social support
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4327e3206Keywords:
Violence, Social networks, Homosexuality, Violence against womenAbstract
Violence between intimate partners is recurrent in the daily lives of many Brazilian women, but its characteristics are little studied in same-sex relationships. This article aims to characterize the manifestation of violence in homosexual relationships among women based on its typology and frequency and to analyze the possible associations between violence and social support. The sample consisted of 634 Brazilian lesbians adults aged 18 to 58 years who answered three online instruments: Brazil Socioeconomic Classification Criteria, Conflict Tactics Scales (Brief version), and Perception of Social Support Scale. Based on latent class analysis, we identified four significantly different classes in terms of patterns of violence suffered and perceived social support. The findings reinforce the finding that relationship between violence between partners and social support is a heterogeneous phenomenon, in which the variables are not always directly associated.
Downloads
References
Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa. (2018). Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil: Alterações na aplicação do Critério Brasil, válidas a partir de 16/04/2018 [Brazil Economic Classification Criteria: Modifications in the application of the Brazil Criterion, valid as of 04/16/2018]. São Paulo, SP: Author. Retrieved from https://www.abep.org/criterioBr/01_cceb_2018.pdf
Cardoso, H. F., & Baptista, M. N. (2014). Escala de Percepção do Suporte Social (versão adulta) – EPSUS-A: Estudo das qualidades psicométricas [Scale of Perceived Social Support (adult version) - EPSUS-A: Study of psychometric qualities]. Psico-USF, 19(3), 499-510. doi:10.1590/1413-82712014019003012
Dias, N. G., Costa, D., Soares, J., Hatzidimitriadou, E., Ioannidi-Kapolou, E., Lindert, J., ... Fraga, S. (2019). Social support and the intimate partner violence victimization among adults from six European countries. Family Practice, 36(2), 117-124. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmy042
Edwards, K. M., Sylaska, K. M., & Neal, A. M. (2015). Intimate partner violence among sexual minority populations: A critical review of the literature and agenda for future research. Psychology of Violence, 5(2), 112-121. doi:10.1037/a0038656
Ferreira, I. A., & Moraes, S. S. (2020). Subnotificação e Lei Maria da Penha: O registro como instrumento para o enfrentamento dos casos de violência doméstica contra mulher considerando o anuário brasileiro de segurança pública [Under-notification and the Maria da Penha Law: Registration as an instrument for dealing with cases of domestic violence against women considering the Brazilian yearbook of public safety]. O Público e o Privado, 18(37), 259-280. doi:10.52521/18.4108
Gerino, E., Caldarera, A. M., Curti, L., Brustia, P., & Rollè, L. (2018). Intimate partner violence in the golden age: Systematic review of risk and protective factors. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1595. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01595
Gonçalves, J. A., & Carvalho, A. R. R. F. (2019). Lesbianidade e psicologia na contemporaneidade: Uma revisão sistemática [Lesbianity and psychology in contemporianity: A systematic review]. Revista Gênero, 20(1), 135-156. doi:10.22409/rg.v20i1.38495
Hagenaars, J. A., & McCutcheon, A. L. (2002). Applied latent class analysis. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística & Escola Nacional de Ciências Estatísticas. (1999). Resolução de conflitos domésticos e violência intrafamiliar nos bairros da Tijuca e Maracanã [Domestic conflict resolution and intrafamily violence in the neighborhoods of Tijuca and Maracanã]. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: IBGE. Retrieved from https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv82669.pdf
Krug, E. G., Dahlberg, L. L., Mercy, J. A., Zwi, A. B., & Lozano, R. (2002). World report on violence and health. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Retrieved from https://who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42495/9241545615_eng.pdf
Luz, R. R., & Gonçalves, H. S. (2014). Violência doméstica entre casais homossexuais: A violência invisível [Domestic violence among homosexual couples: The invisible violence]. Bagoas-Estudos Gays: Gêneros e Sexualidades, 8(11), 79-99. Retrieved from https://periodicos.ufrn.br/bagoas/article/view/6544
Machisa, M. T., Christofides, N., & Jewkes, R. (2018). Social support factors associated with psychological resilience among women survivors of intimate partner violence in Gauteng, South Africa. Global Health Action, 11(Suppl. 3), 1491114. doi:10.1080/16549716.2018.1491114
Messinger, A. M. (2011). Invisible victims: Same-sex IPV in the national violence against women survey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(11), 2228-2243. doi:10.1177/0886260510383023
Miller, B., & Irvin, J. (2017). Invisible scars: Comparing the mental health of LGB and heterosexual intimate partner violence survivors. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(9), 1180-1195. doi:10.1080/00918369.2016.1242334
Moraes, C. L., & Reichenheim, M. E. (2002). Cross-cultural measurement equivalence of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2) Portuguese version used to identify violence within couples. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 18(3), 783-796. doi:10.1590/S0102-311X2002000300022
Ogbe, E., Harmon, S., Van den Bergh, R., & Degomme, O. (2020). A systematic review of intimate partner violence interventions focused on improving social support and/mental health outcomes of survivors. PLoS One, 15(6), e0235177. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235177
Pan American Health Organization. (2017). Fact sheet – violence Against women. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from https://www.paho.org/en/topics/violence-against-women
Rodriguez, M. S., & Cohen, S. (1998). Social support. In H. S. Friedman (Ed.), Encyclopedia of mental health (Vol. 3). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Santos, N. C. R., Freitas, R., & Ceara-Silva, G. L. (2019). Violência conjugal lésbica: Relatos de assistentes sociais que atendem mulheres na cidade de Niterói [Lesbian marital violence: Reports of social workers attending women in the city of Niterói]. Serviço Social & Sociedade, (134), 124-141. doi:10.1590/0101-6628.169
Spencer, C., Mallory, A. B., Cafferky, B. M., Kimmes, J. G., Beck, A. R., & Stith, S. M. (2019). Mental health factors and intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Violence, 9(1), 1-17. doi:10.1037/vio0000156
Steele, S. M., Everett, B. G., & Hughes, T. L. (2020). Influence of perceived femininity, masculinity, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status on intimate partner violence among sexual-minority women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(1-2), 453-475. doi:10.1177/0886260516683176
Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Boney-McCoy, S., & Sugarman, D. B. (1996). The revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2): Development and preliminary psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues, 17(3), 283-316. doi:10.1177/019251396017003001
Topa, H. (2010). No arco-íris também há roxo: Violência conjugal nas relações lésbicas [Rainbow also has purple: Marital violence in lesbian relationships]. LES Online, 2(1), 13-21. Retrieved from https://lesonlinesite.files.wordpress.com/2017/03/violenciaconjugal.pdf
World Health Organization. (2021). Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018: Global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women. Geneva, Switzerland: Author. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240022256
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Regarding the availability of contents, Paideia adopts the Creative Commons License, CC-BY. With this licence anyone is allowed to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, as well as to remix, transform, and create from the material for any purpose, even commercial, giving the proper copyright credits to the journal, providing a link to the licence and indicating if changes have been made.
Partial reproduction of other publications
Quotations of more than 500 words, reproductions of one or more figures, tables or other illustrations must have written permission from the copyright holder of the original work for the reproduction specified in the Paidéia journal. Permission should be addressed to the author of the submitted manuscript. Secondarily obtained rights will not be transferred under any circumstance.