Ameliorating effects of ethanol extract of root bark of Salacia nitida on blood electrolyte and renal perturbations in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902023e20229Keywords:
Blood electrolytes, Blood urea nitrogen, Malaria, Renal perturbation, Root bark extract , Salacia nitidaAbstract
Malaria, a disease of public health concern is a known cause of kidney failure, and dependence on herbal medicines for its treatment is increasing due to the high cost of drugs. So this study is designed to evaluate the ameliorating effect of ethanol extract from Salacia nitida root bark on electrolyte and renal perturbations in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Thirty malariainfected mice divided into five groups of six mice each and another group of six uninfected mice were used for the study. 280, 430, and 580 mg/kg of extract were given to infected mice in groups B, C, and D, 4 mg/kg of artesunate given to group E mice, and 4 ml/kg of physiological saline given to group A and uninfected group F mice for five days. Serum Na+, K+, HCO3, Cl-, TB, urea, creatinine, BUN concentrations, and BUN/creatinine ratio were determined using standard methods. Results showed significant increases (p < 0.05) in Na+, K+, and HCO3 and decreases in Cl-, TB, urea, creatinine, BUN, and BUN/creatinine ratio in the infected treated mice in groups B - E. This study showed that ethanol extract of S. nitida root bark is efficient in the treatment of renal disorders and blood electrolyte perturbations.
Downloads
References
Areekul S. Transcapillary escape rate and capillary permeability to albumin in patients with Plasmodium falciparum. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1988;82(2):135-140.
Baron DN, Whicher JT, Lee KE. A New Short Textbook of Chemical Pathology, 5th ed. Ibadan, Nigeria: Bounty Press Ltd. 2011.
Barsoum RS. Malaria acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11:2147-2154.
Barsoum R, Sitprija V. Tropical Nephrology. In: Schrier RW, Gottaschalk CW, editors. Diseases of the kidney, 6th ed. Boston: Little Brown & Co., 1996. p. 2221-2268.
Carter R, Mendis KN. Evolutionary and historical aspects of the burden of malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15(4):564-594.
Chatterjea MN, Shinde R. Textbook of medical biochemistry, 7th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers medical publishers (p) ltd;2007.
Dangerfield WG, Finlayson R. Estimation of bilirubin in serum. J Clin Path. 1953;6:173-177.
Crook MA. Clinical Chemistry and Metabolic Medicine, 7th ed. London: Edward Arnold (publishers) Ltd; 2006. p. 12.
Fawcett JK, Scott JE. A rapid and precise method for the determination of urea. J Clin Path . 1960;13(2):156-159.
Han X, Shen T, Lou H. Dietary polyphenols and their biological significance. Int Mol Sci. 2007;8(9):950-988.
Henderson R. Osmolarity, osmolality and homeostasis. [Cited 2016 Jun 29]. Available from: Available from: http://patients.info/doctor/osmolality-osmolarity-and-fluid-homeostasis
» http://patients.info/doctor/osmolality-osmolarity-and-fluid-homeostasis
Higgins C. Urea and creatinine concentrations, the urea/ creatinine ratio. [Cited 2016 Oct 14]. Available from: Available from: http://acutecaretesting.org
Irwin RS, Rippe JM. Irwin and Rippe’s Intensive Care Medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
Jasani JH, Sancheti SM, Gheewata BS, Bhuva KV, Doctor VS, Vacchani AB, et al. Association of the electrolyte disturbances (Na+, K+) with the type and severity of the malaria parasitic infection. J Clin Diagn Res. 2012;6(4):678-681.
Lee MRF, Harris LJ, Dewhurst RJ, Merry RJ, Scollan ND. The effect of clover silages on long chain fatty acid rumen transformations and digestion in beef steers. Animal Sci. 2003;76:491-501.
Lelevich SV, Popechits TV. Clinical biochemistry manual for fourth year students. Ministry of Health, Republic of Belarus; 2010.
Lin CC, Hsu YF, Lin TC. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects of the tannins of Terminalia catappa L. Anticancer Res. 2001;21(1A):237-243.
Lorke D. A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Arch Toxicol.1983;54(4):275-287.
Maitland K, Pamba A, Fegan G, Njuguna P, Nadel S, Newton CR, et al. Perturbations in electrolyte levels in Kenyan children with severe malaria complicated by acidosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(1):9-16.
Marella A, Tanwar OP, Saha R, Ali MR, Srivastava S, Akhter M. et al. Quinoline: A versatile heterocyclic. Saudi Pharm J. 2013;21(1):1-12.
Mehta KS, Halankar AR, Makwana PD, Torane PP, Satija PS, Shah VB. Severe acute renal failure in malaria. J Postgrad Med. 2001;47(1):24-26.
NIH. United States National Institute of Health Guides on Care and use of laboratory animals, revised ed. 1985; no. 85-23.
Nwiloh BI, Uwakwe AA, Akaninwor JO. Phytochemical screening and GC-FID analysis of ethanolic extract of root barks of Salacia nitida L. Benth. J Med Plants Stud. 2016;4(6):283-287.
Nwiloh BI, Akaninwor JO, Uwakwe AA. Antimalarial activity of ethanolic extract of root bark of Salacia nitida L. benth in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. JOCAMR. 2017;3(3):1-9.
OECD. Organization of Economic Co-Operation and Development guidance document on acute toxicity. Environmental health and safety monograph series on testing and assessment. 2000; no. 24.
Oghenesuvwe EE, Ekene NE, Lotana AD. Guidelines on dosage calculation and stock solution preparation in experimental animals’ studies. J Nat Sci Res. 2014;4(18):100-106.
Okafor RA, Wokem GN, Okeke CU, Aloy-Amadi OC, Brown H. Hyperbilirubinaemia in malaria infected children in Port-Harcourt. Acta Sci Microbiol. 2020;3(1):130-135.
Oomah BD, Blanchard C, Balasubramanian P. Phytic acid, phytase, minerals, and antioxidant activity in Canadian dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56(23):11312-11319.
Paolillo R, Carratelli CR, Rizzo A. Effect of reveratrol and quercetin in experimental infection by Salmonella enteric serovar typhimurium. Inter Immunophamacol. 2011;11(2):149-156.
Pohl HR, Wheeler JS, Murray HE. Sodium and potassium in health and disease. Met Ions Life Sci. 2013;13:29-47.
Robak J, Glyglewski RJ. Flavonoids are scavengers of superoxide anions. Biochem Pharmacol. 1988;37(5):837-841.
Schoenfeld RG, Lewellen CJ. A colorimetric method for determination of serum chloride. Clin Chem. 1964;10(6):533-539.
Seeram N, Schutzki R, Chandra R, Nair MG. Characterization, quantification, and bioactivities of anthocyanins in Cornus species. J Agric Food Chem . 2002;50(9):2519-2523.
Stoppler MC, Shiel Jr WC. Electrolytes. 2015. [Cited 2016 Aug 25]. Available from: Available from: http://www.medicinenet.com/electrolytes/article.htm
» http://www.medicinenet.com/electrolytes/article.htm
Toora BD, Rajagopal G. Measurement of creatinine by Jaffe’s reaction - Determination of concentration of sodium hydroxide required for maximum color development in standard, urine and protein free filtrate of sodium. Indian J Exp Biol. 2002;40(3):352-354.
Trinder P. A rapid method for determination of sodium in serum. Analyst. 1951;76:596-599.
Tubino M, de Souza RL, Hoehr NF. Rapid quantitative turbidimetric spot test analysis of potassium in blood serum. J Braz Chem Soc. 2004;15(5):635-639.
Van Slyke DD, Stillman E, Cullen GE. Studies of acidosis: XIII. A method for titrating the bicarbonate content of the plasma. J Biol Chem. 1919;38(1):167-178.
Wilairatana P, Looareesuwan S, Charoenlarp P. Liver profile changes and complications in jaundiced patients with falciparum malaria. Trop Med Parasitol. 1994;45(4):298-302.
WHO. Treatment of severe malaria, World Health Organization, 2015. [Cited 2016 Sept 27]. Available from: Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK294445/
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All content of the journal, except where identified, is licensed under a Creative Commons attribution-type BY.
The on-line journal has open and free access.
